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arXiv 1902.04074astro-ph.SR
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探索冷巨星周围尘埃云的起源。尘埃形成M型AGB星的全球三维RHD模型

Exploring the origin of clumpy dust clouds around cool giants. A global 3D RHD model of a dust-forming M-type AGB star

Susanne Höfner, Bernd Freytag

备注：
Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
发表信息：
A&A 623, A158 (2019)
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摘要：

在AGB恒星的扩展大气中形成的尘埃颗粒对于这些冷发光巨星的严重质量损失至关重要，因为它们为恒星风提供了辐射加速。中红外光谱特征表明，这些颗粒主要由硅酸盐和硅酸盐组成。后一种物质似乎形成于约2个恒星半径内的狭窄区域，在硅酸盐尘埃凝结之前，这引发了外流。最近的高角分辨率观测显示，在这些距离上存在着云雾状的、多变的尘埃云。我们探索形成不均匀的尘埃层的可能原因，使用三维动力学模拟。用CO5BOLD辐射流体动力学程序模拟了M型AGB星的外对流层和尘埃形成层。该模拟占频率依赖性气体不透明度，并包括随时间变化的描述的晶粒生长和蒸发的钙钛矿和橄榄石型硅酸盐。由于大尺度对流和脉动产生的大气冲击波，在星周包层的内部、引力约束层和刚玉主导层中，自然会出现星尘的片状分布。硅酸盐尘埃在稍远的距离上形成，可能表明重力束缚层的外部界限。目前的模型没有描述风的加速，但云的形成机制也应该适用于有外流的恒星。大气动力学和晶粒生长的时间尺度与观测值相似。在尘埃密度的球形平均值中，可变的3D形态表现为周期到周期的变化。颗粒生长的大规模非球形冲击波，产生的对流和脉动，是一个可能的机制，产生所观察到的cloudic尘埃云，并解释其物理和动力学特性。

英文摘要：

Dust grains forming in the extended atmospheres of AGB stars are critical for the heavy mass loss of these cool luminous giants, as they provide radiative acceleration for the stellar winds. Characteristic mid-IR spectral features indicate that the grains consist mainly of silicates and corundum. The latter species seems to form in a narrow zone within about 2 stellar radii, preceding the condensation of silicate dust, which triggers the outflow. Recent high-angular-resolution observations show clumpy, variable dust clouds at these distances. We explore possible causes for the formation of inhomogeneous dust layers, using 3D dynamical simulations. We modeled the outer convective envelope and the dust-forming atmosphere of an M-type AGB star with the CO5BOLD radiation-hydrodynamics code. The simulations account for frequency-dependent gas opacities, and include a time-dependent description of grain growth and evaporation for corundum and olivine-type silicates. In the inner, gravitationally bound, and corundum-dominated layers of the circumstellar envelope, a patchy distribution of the dust emerges naturally, due to atmospheric shock waves that are generated by large-scale convective flows and pulsations. The formation of silicate dust at somewhat larger distances probably indicates the outer limit of the gravitationally bound layers. The current models do not describe wind acceleration, but the cloud formation mechanism should also work for stars with outflows. Timescales of atmospheric dynamics and grain growth are similar to observed values. In spherical averages of dust densities the variable 3D morphology manifests itself as cycle-to-cycle variations. Grain growth in the wake of large-scale non-spherical shock waves, generated by convection and pulsations, is a likely mechanism for producing the observed clumpy dust clouds, and for explaining their physical and dynamical properties.

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