由费米伽马射线太空望远镜大面积望远镜(Fermi LAT)观测到的耀变体耀斑经常会被机会目标(ToO)向尼尔·盖瑞尔斯·斯威夫特天文台(Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory)提出请求。利用费米LAT观测源每日光变曲线中发现的耀斑,我们调查了哪些后续Swift ToO请求导致了参考出版物。我们的目标是创建斯威夫特在跟踪费米-LAT伽马射线耀斑时应该寻找的标准。测试的参数是峰值伽马射线通量,耀斑持续时间(基于贝叶斯块分析),活动星系核的类型(BL Lac或FSRQ),和活动模式(单一耀斑或广泛的活动)。我们发现,历史上活跃的源和高光子通量源导致更多的出版物,认为这些成功的斯威夫特ToO,而耀斑持续时间和活动星系核的类型对ToO是否导致出版物几乎没有影响。
英文摘要:
Blazar flares seen by the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Large Area Telescope (Fermi LAT) are often followed up by Target of Opportunity (ToO) requests to the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift). Using flares identified in the daily light curves of Fermi LAT Monitored Sources, we investigated which follow-up Swift ToO requests resulted in refereed publications. The goal was to create criteria of what Swift should look for in following up a Fermi-LAT gamma-ray flare. Parameters tested were peak gamma-ray flux, flare duration (based on a Bayesian Block analysis), type of AGN (BL Lac or FSRQ), and pattern of activity (single flare or extensive activity). We found that historically active sources and high-photon-flux sources result in more publications, deeming these successful Swift ToOs, while flare duration and type of AGN had little or no impact on whether or not a ToO led to a publication.
GRB 090926A and Bright Late-time Fermi LAT GRB Afterglows
GRB 090926A是由费米伽马射线太空望远镜上的GBM和LAT仪器探测到的。在初始触发后约13小时开始迅速的后续观察。光学余辉在触发后近23天被检测到,将其置于长寿命类别。余辉特别令人感兴趣,因为它在后期的亮度,以及在T0+10^5 s及以后的光学耀斑的存在,这可能表明后期的中央发动机活动。LAT总共探测到了16个伽玛暴,其中9个伽玛暴,包括GRB 090926A,也被雨燕观测到。在雨燕观测到的9个LAT爆发中,有6个被UVOT探测到,其中5个爆发具有明亮、长寿命的光学余辉。相比之下,雨燕已经运行了5年,探测到了近500个爆发,但只有约30%的爆发的光学余辉寿命超过10^5秒。我们已经计算了预测的伽马射线通量,正如BAT在Swift上所看到的那样,LAT爆发,以确定与BAT触发的爆发相比,这种高比例的长寿命光学余辉是否是独特的。我们发现,除了短爆发GRB 090510A,预测的BAT注量表明LAT爆发比所有雨燕爆发的88%更有活力,也有比平均更明亮的X射线和光学余辉。
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) 3FHL catalog is the latest catalog of >10 GeV sources and will remain an important resource for the high-energy community for the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is crucial that this catalog is made complete by providing associations for most sources. In this paper, we present the results of the X-ray analysis of 38 3FHL sources. We found a single bright X-ray source in 20 fields, two sources each in two fields and none for the remaining 16. The analysis of the properties of the 22 3FHL fields with X-ray sources led us to believe that most (19/22) a…
BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects are a subclass of blazar, distinguished by their featureless optical spectrum. The featureless spectrum presents a challenge in measuring the redshift of the BL Lacs. In this paper, we measure the redshift of BL Lacs using the photometric dropout technique. The space-based telescope \emph{Swift} and the ground-based SARA telescopes are employed to provide magnitudes in the $uvw2,\ uvm2,\ uvw1,\ u,\ b,\ v,\ g',\ r',\ i',\ z'$ filters. We observe 60 BL Lacs and report reliable redshift upper limits for 41 of them. We discover three new high-$z$ BL Lacs ($z>1.3$) at $…
We present the Living Swift-XRT Point Source catalogue (LSXPS) and real-time transient detector. This system allows us for the first time to carry out low-latency searches for new transient X-ray events fainter than those available to the current generation of wide-field imagers, and report their detection in near real-time. Previously, such events could only be found in delayed searches, e.g. of archival data; our low-latency analysis now enables rapid and ongoing follow up of these events, enabling the probing of timescales previously inaccessible. The LSXPS is, uniquely among X-ray catalogu…
We report the results of a cross-match study between the hard X-ray and GeV gamma-ray catalogs, by making use of the latest 105-month Swift-BAT and 10-yr Fermi-LAT catalogs, respectively. The spatial cross-matching between the two catalogs results in the matching of 132 point-like sources, including ~5% of false-match sources. Additionally, 24 sources that have been identified as the same identifications are matched. Among the 75 extended sources in the Fermi-LAT catalog, 31 sources have spatial coincidences with at least one Swift-BAT source inside their extent. All the matched sources consis…
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the \Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (\Fermi) shows long-lasting high-energy emission in many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), similar to X-ray afterglows observed by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory \citep[\textit{Swift};][]{gehrels2004}. Some LAT light curves (LCs) show a late-time flattening reminiscent of X-ray plateaus. We explore the presence of plateaus in LAT temporally extended emission analyzing GRBs from the second \lat GRB Catalog \citep[2FLGC;][]{Ajello2019apj} from 2008 to May 2016 with known redshifts, and check whether they follow closure relat…
Cosmological Evolution of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars based on the {\it Swift}/BAT 105-month Catalog and Their Contribution to the Cosmic MeV Gamma-ray Background Radiation
The measurement of the expansion history of the Universe from the redshift unknown gravitational wave (GW) sources (dark GW sources) detectable from the network of \texttt{LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA} (\texttt{LVK}) detectors depends on the synergy with the galaxy surveys having accurate redshift measurements over a broad redshift range, large sky coverage, and detectability of fainter galaxies. In this work, we explore the possible synergy of the LVK with the spectroscopic galaxy surveys such as \texttt{DESI} and \texttt{SPHEREx} to measure the cosmological parameters which are related to the cosmic exp…
We report results of a novel high-energy follow-up observation of a potential Fast Radio Burst. The radio burst was detected by VLA/realfast and followed-up by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory in very low latency utilizing new operational capabilities of Swift (arXiv:2005.01751), with pointed soft X-ray and UV observations beginning at T0+32 minutes, and hard X-ray/gamma-ray event data saved around T0. These observations are $>10$x faster than previous X-ray/UV follow-up of any radio transient to date. No emission is seen coincident with the FRB candidate at T0, with a 0.2s fluence $5σ$ uppe…
We are carrying out a dense monitoring of the blazar OJ 287 with Swift since late 2015 as part of our project MOMO (Multiwavelength Observations and Modeling of OJ 287). This is the densest existing monitoring of OJ 287 involving X-ray and UV data. In this latest publication of a sequence, we characterize the multiwavelength variability of OJ 287 based on >4000 Swift single-wave-band data sets including archival data since 2005. A structure function analysis reveals a characteristic timescale of ~5 days in the optical-UV at epochs of low-level activity, and larger during outbursts. The discret…
The multi-messenger discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) and light from the binary neutron star (NS) merger GW170817, associated with Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 170817A and kilonova AT2017gfo, has marked the start of a new era in astrophysics. GW170817 has confirmed that binary NS mergers are progenitors of at least some short GRBs. The peculiar properties of the GRB 170817A radio afterglow, characterized by a delayed onset related to the off-axis geometry, have also demonstrated how some nearby short GRBs may not be identified as such with standard short-timescale electromagnetic follow-up obser…
Swift gives a new BAT-GLIMPSE: Gamma-ray Localization using Imaging and Mosaic techniques for Pointing and Slew Epochs
Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)(格兰萨索科学研究所);INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso(意大利国家核物理研究所,格兰萨索国家实验室);Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心天体物理学部);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学天文与天体物理系);Center for Multimessenger Astrophysics, Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学引力与宇宙学研究所多信使天体物理中心);Schmidt Sciences(施密特科学)