标量-张量理论及其他
Selected topics in scalar-tensor theories and beyond
摘要：
标量场在物理学基础理论的发展中起着重要的作用，在物理学的其他分支如引力和宇宙学中也是如此。在很长一段时间里，这些粒子一直没有被发现，直到2012年，希格斯玻色子才首次被观察到。从那时起，广义相对论的替代品，如Brans-Dicke理论，引力的标量张量理论及其高阶导数推广-统称为Horndeski理论-重新引起了人们的兴趣。在本综述中，我们讨论了几个选定的主题，这些理论，主要是从理论的角度，但适当提到的观测方面。在本次审查所涵盖的主题中，我们特别注意以下方面：1）基于Brans-Dicke、标量张量和Horndeski理论的宇宙学模型的渐进动力学，2）暴胀模型、扩展精髓和伽利略，重点是因果关系和稳定性问题，3）变色龙和Vainshtein屏蔽机制，可能允许难以捉摸的标量场逃避太阳系实验所暗示的严格观测约束，4）共形标架难题，并简要讨论了非形式变换; 5）Weyl对称性和标度不变性在引力理论中的作用。审查的对象既包括这方面的专家，也包括非专家，包括研究生。
英文摘要：
Scalar fields have played an important role in the development of the fundamental theories of physics as well as in other branches of physics such as gravitation and cosmology. For a long time these escaped detection until 2012 year when the Higgs boson was observed for the first time. Since then alternatives to the general theory of relativity like the Brans-Dicke theory, scalar-tensor theories of gravity and their higher derivative generalizations -- collectively known as Horndeski theories -- have acquired renewed interest. In the present review we discuss on several selected topics regarding these theories, mainly from the theoretical perspective but with due mention of the observational aspect. Among the topics covered in this review we pay special attention to the following: 1) the asymptotic dynamics of cosmological models based in the Brans-Dicke, scalar-tensor and Horndeski theories, 2) inflationary models, extended quintessence and the Galileons, with emphasis in causality and stability issues, 3) the chameleon and Vainshtein screening mechanisms that may allow the elusive scalar field to evade the tight observational constraints implied by the solar system experiments, 4) the conformal frames conundrum with a brief discussion on the disformal transformations and 5) the role of Weyl symmetry and scale invariance in the gravitation theories. The review is aimed at specialists as well as at non-specialists in the subject, including postgraduate students.
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