发光红外瞬变的SPIRITS样本：揭示附近星系中隐藏的超新星和尘埃恒星爆发
The SPIRITS sample of Luminous Infrared Transients: Uncovering Hidden Supernovae and Dusty Stellar Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies
摘要：
我们对2014年至2018年期间在附近星系（$D < 35$ Mpc）中由斯皮策红强瞬变巡天（SPIRITS）发现的最明亮（$M_{\mathrm{IR}}$ [织女星星等]比$-14$亮）红外（IR）瞬变进行了系统研究。该样本由9个事件组成，这些事件跨越$-14$和$-18.2$之间的$M_{[4.5],\mathrm{peak}}$的峰值IR光度，在$0.2 < ([3.6]{-}[4.5]) < 3.0$之间显示IR颜色，并且在$55$天$< t_{\mathrm{fade}} < 480$天之间的时间尺度上褪色。两个最红的事件（$A_V > 12$）显示了几年来多次明亮的红外爆发，并在档案成像中直接检测到大量的祖先。通过对大量多波长的后续分析，我们提出了以下可能的分类：五颗被遮蔽的核心坍缩超新星（CCSNe），两颗爆发的大质量恒星，一颗明亮的红色新星和一颗中等亮度的红色瞬变。我们定义了一个控制样本的所有光学发现的瞬态恢复SPIRITS星系，并满足相同的选择标准。对照样品由8个CCSNe和1个Iax型SN组成。我们发现SPIRITS样本中的13个CCSNe中有7个在它们的$2 < A_V < 8$消光上有下限。我们估计的名义分数CCSNe在附近的星系，错过了光学调查高达$38.5^{+26.0}_{-21.9}$ %（90%的置信度）。这项研究表明，很大一部分CCSNe可能被灰尘严重遮蔽，因此在光学搜索的CCSNe普查中被低估。
英文摘要：
We present a systematic study of the most luminous ($M_{\mathrm{IR}}$ [Vega magnitudes] brighter than $-14$) infrared (IR) transients discovered by the SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) between 2014 and 2018 in nearby galaxies ($D < 35$ Mpc). The sample consists of nine events that span peak IR luminosities of $M_{[4.5],\mathrm{peak}}$ between $-14$ and $-18.2$, show IR colors between $0.2 < ([3.6]{-}[4.5]) < 3.0$, and fade on timescales between $55$ days $< t_{\mathrm{fade}} < 480$ days. The two reddest events ($A_V > 12$) show multiple, luminous IR outbursts over several years and have directly detected, massive progenitors in archival imaging. With analyses of extensive, multiwavelength follow-up, we suggest the following possible classifications: five obscured core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), two erupting massive stars, one luminous red nova, and one intermediate-luminosity red transient. We define a control sample of all optically discovered transients recovered in SPIRITS galaxies and satisfying the same selection criteria. The control sample consists of eight CCSNe and one Type Iax SN. We find that 7 of the 13 CCSNe in the SPIRITS sample have lower bounds on their extinction of $2 < A_V < 8$. We estimate a nominal fraction of CCSNe in nearby galaxies that are missed by optical surveys as high as $38.5^{+26.0}_{-21.9}$% (90% confidence). This study suggests that a significant fraction of CCSNe may be heavily obscured by dust and therefore undercounted in the census of nearby CCSNe from optical searches.
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