Cyberbullying is a disturbing online misbehaviour with troubling consequences. It appears in different forms, and in most of the social networks, it is in textual format. Automatic detection of such incidents requires intelligent systems. Most of the existing studies have approached this problem with conventional machine learning models and the majority of the developed models in these studies are adaptable to a single social network at a time. In recent studies, deep learning based models have found their way in the detection of cyberbullying incidents, claiming that they can overcome the limitations of the conventional models, and improve the detection performance. In this paper, we investigate the findings of a recent literature in this regard. We successfully reproduced the findings of this literature and validated their findings using the same datasets, namely Wikipedia, Twitter, and Formspring, used by the authors. Then we expanded our work by applying the developed methods on a new YouTube dataset (~54k posts by ~4k users) and investigated the performance of the models in new social media platforms. We also transferred and evaluated the performance of the models trained on one platform to another platform. Our findings show that the deep learning based models outperform the machine learning models previously applied to the same YouTube dataset. We believe that the deep learning based models can also benefit from integrating other sources of information and looking into the impact of profile information of the users in social networks.
Kitami Institute of Technology（北见工业大学）；Samurai Labs/Fido Voice；AGH University of Science and Technology（AGH科技大学）
The research described in this paper concerns automatic cyberbullying detection in social media. There are two goals to achieve: building a gold standard cyberbullying detection dataset and measuring the performance of the Samurai cyberbullying detection system. The Formspring dataset provided in a Kaggle competition was re-annotated as a part of the research. The annotation procedure is described in detail and, unlike many other recent data annotation initiatives, does not use Mechanical Turk for finding people willing to perform the annotation. The new annotation compared to the old one seem…
Chinese Cyberbullying Detection: Dataset, Method, and Validation
School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University（扬州大学信息工程学院）；Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data (Hefei University of Technology), Ministry of Education（大数据知识工程重点实验室（合肥工业大学））；School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology（合肥工业大学计算机科学与信息工程学院）
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati（印度理工学院古瓦哈提分校）
Harassment by cyberbullies is a significant phenomenon on the social media. Existing works for cyberbullying detection have at least one of the following three bottlenecks. First, they target only one particular social media platform (SMP). Second, they address just one topic of cyberbullying. Third, they rely on carefully handcrafted features of the data. We show that deep learning based models can overcome all three bottlenecks. Knowledge learned by these models on one dataset can be transferred to other datasets. We performed extensive experiments using three real-world datasets: Formspring…
Emory University（埃默里大学）；USC Information Sciences Institute（南加州大学信息科学研究所）
Cyberbullying is a pervasive problem in online communities. To identify cyberbullying cases in large-scale social networks, content moderators depend on machine learning classifiers for automatic cyberbullying detection. However, existing models remain unfit for real-world applications, largely due to a shortage of publicly available training data and a lack of standard criteria for assigning ground truth labels. In this study, we address the need for reliable data using an original annotation framework. Inspired by social sciences research into bullying behavior, we characterize the nuanced p…
Cyberbullying is a pervasive problem in online social media, where a bully abuses a victim through a social media session. By investigating cyberbullying perpetrated through social media sessions, recent research has looked into mining patterns and features for modeling and understanding the two defining characteristics of cyberbullying: repetitive behavior and power imbalance. In this survey paper, we define the Session-based Cyberbullying Detection framework that encapsulates the different steps and challenges of the problem. Based on this framework, we provide a comprehensive overview of se…
CSAI, Tilburg University（蒂尔堡大学CSAI）；CLiPS, University of Antwerp（安特卫普大学CLiPS）；LT$ˆ3$, Ghent University（根特大学LT$ˆ3$）
The detection of online cyberbullying has seen an increase in societal importance, popularity in research, and available open data. Nevertheless, while computational power and affordability of resources continue to increase, the access restrictions on high-quality data limit the applicability of state-of-the-art techniques. Consequently, much of the recent research uses small, heterogeneous datasets, without a thorough evaluation of applicability. In this paper, we further illustrate these issues, as we (i) evaluate many publicly available resources for this task and demonstrate difficulties w…
Institute of Data Science（数据科学研究所）；National Cheng Kung University（国立成功大学）
In the computational detection of cyberbullying, existing work largely focused on building generic classifiers that rely exclusively on text analysis of social media sessions. Despite their empirical success, we argue that a critical missing piece is the model explainability, i.e., why a particular piece of media session is detected as cyberbullying. In this paper, therefore, we propose a novel deep model, HEterogeneous Neural Interaction Networks (HENIN), for explainable cyberbullying detection. HENIN contains the following components: a comment encoder, a post-comment co-attention sub-networ…
Ghent University（根特大学）；University of Antwerp（安特卫普大学）
While social media offer great communication opportunities, they also increase the vulnerability of young people to threatening situations online. Recent studies report that cyberbullying constitutes a growing problem among youngsters. Successful prevention depends on the adequate detection of potentially harmful messages and the information overload on the Web requires intelligent systems to identify potential risks automatically. The focus of this paper is on automatic cyberbullying detection in social media text by modelling posts written by bullies, victims, and bystanders of online bullyi…
Cyberbullying is a widespread adverse phenomenon among online social interactions in today's digital society. While numerous computational studies focus on enhancing the cyberbullying detection performance of machine learning algorithms, proposed models tend to carry and reinforce unintended social biases. In this study, we try to answer the research question of "Can we mitigate the unintended bias of cyberbullying detection models by guiding the model training with fairness constraints?". For this purpose, we propose a model training scheme that can employ fairness constraints and validate ou…
Despite the increasing interest in cyberbullying detection, existing efforts have largely been limited to experiments on a single platform and their generalisability across different social media platforms have received less attention. We propose XP-CB, a novel cross-platform framework based on Transformers and adversarial learning. XP-CB can enhance a Transformer leveraging unlabelled data from the source and target platforms to come up with a common representation while preventing platform-specific training. To validate our proposed framework, we experiment on cyberbullying datasets from thr…
Mental Health Disturbance has many reasons and cyberbullying is one of the major causes that does exploitation using social media as an instrument. The cyberbullying is done on the basis of Religion, Ethnicity, Age and Gender which is a sensitive psychological issue. This can be addressed using Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning, since social media is the medium and it generates massive form of data in textual form. Such data can be leveraged to find the semantics and derive what type of cyberbullying is done and who are the people involved for early measures. Since deriving semant…
Cyberbullying is of extreme prevalence today. Online-hate comments, toxicity, cyberbullying amongst children and other vulnerable groups are only growing over online classes, and increased access to social platforms, especially post COVID-19. It is paramount to detect and ensure minors' safety across social platforms so that any violence or hate-crime is automatically detected and strict action is taken against it. In our work, we explore binary classification by using a combination of datasets from various social media platforms that cover a wide range of cyberbullying such as sexism, racism,…
Cyberbullying or Online harassment detection on social media for various major languages is currently being given a good amount of focus by researchers worldwide. Being the seventh most speaking language in the world and increasing usage of online platform among the Bengali speaking people urge to find effective detection technique to handle the online harassment. In this paper, we have proposed binary and multiclass classification model using hybrid neural network for bully expression detection in Bengali language. We have used 44,001 users comments from popular public Facebook pages, which f…
University of Moratuwa（莫拉图瓦大学）；The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）
Cyberbullying is a prevalent social problem that inflicts detrimental consequences to the health and safety of victims such as psychological distress, anti-social behaviour, and suicide. The automation of cyberbullying detection is a recent but widely researched problem, with current research having a strong focus on a binary classification of bullying versus non-bullying. This paper proposes a novel approach to enhancing cyberbullying detection through role modeling. We utilise a dataset from ASKfm to perform multi-class classification to detect participant roles (e.g. victim, harasser). Our …
Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Online antisocial behavior, such as cyberbullying, harassment, and trolling, is a widespread problem that threatens free discussion and has negative physical and mental health consequences for victims and communities. While prior work has proposed automated methods to identify hostile comments in online discussions, these methods work retrospectively on comments that have already been posted, making it difficult to intervene before an interaction escalates. In this paper we instead consider the problem of forecasting future hostilities in online discussions, which we decompose into two tasks: …
Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks
School of Information Technology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, USA；School of Human Services University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
The University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；University of Moratuwa（莫拉图瓦大学）
Cyberbullying is a prevalent and growing social problem due to the surge of social media technology usage. Minorities, women, and adolescents are among the common victims of cyberbullying. Despite the advancement of NLP technologies, the automated cyberbullying detection remains challenging. This paper focuses on advancing the technology using state-of-the-art NLP techniques. We use a Twitter dataset from SemEval 2019 - Task 5(HatEval) on hate speech against women and immigrants. Our best performing ensemble model based on DistilBERT has achieved 0.73 and 0.74 of F1 score in the task of classi…
Cyberbullying Detection via Aggression-Enhanced Prompting
NICE Research Group & Institute for People-Centred AI, School of Computer Science & Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, UK（NICE研究组及以人为本的人工智能研究所、计算机科学与电子工程学院、萨里大学）
Deep Learning Based Cyberbullying Detection in Bangla Language
University of Science and Technology Chittagong（吉大港科技大学）；American International University-Bangladesh（孟加拉国美国国际大学）；Xiamen University Malaysia（厦门大学马来西亚分校）；Wrexham University（雷克瑟姆大学）；University of South Wales（南威尔士大学）
本研究提出基于两层 Bi-LSTM 的孟加拉语网络欺凌检测方法，在 12282 条多平台评论数据集上取得最高 95.08% 准确率和 95.23% F1 分数。
Fraunhofer FIT（弗劳恩霍夫应用信息技术研究所）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics（Insight SFI数据分析研究中心）；Data Science Institute（数据科学研究所）；National University of Ireland Galway（爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校）；Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹自由大学）
Exponential growths of social media and micro-blogging sites not only provide platforms for empowering freedom of expressions and individual voices but also enables people to express anti-social behaviour like online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. Numerous works have been proposed to utilize these data for social and anti-social behaviours analysis, document characterization, and sentiment analysis by predicting the contexts mostly for highly resourced languages such as English. However, there are languages that are under-resources, e.g., South Asian languages like Bengali, Tamil,…
A Fusion of context-aware based BanglaBERT and Two-Layer Stacked LSTM Framework for Multi-Label Cyberbullying Detection
Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh（国际伊斯兰大学奇塔格ong分校计算机与通信工程系）；Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh（诺阿克利科学与技术大学信息与通信工程系）；mPower Social Enterprise（mPower社会企业）；Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh（达福尔国际大学软件工程系）；School of Computing Sciences and Computer Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA（密西西比大学南方分校计算机科学与工程学院）
Kitami Institute of Technology（北见工业大学）；AGH University of Science and Technology（AGH科技大学）；Samurailabs
We study the effectiveness of Feature Density (FD) using different linguistically-backed feature preprocessing methods in order to estimate dataset complexity, which in turn is used to comparatively estimate the potential performance of machine learning (ML) classifiers prior to any training. We hypothesise that estimating dataset complexity allows for the reduction of the number of required experiments iterations. This way we can optimize the resource-intensive training of ML models which is becoming a serious issue due to the increases in available dataset sizes and the ever rising popularit…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Cyberbullying, identified as intended and repeated online bullying behavior, has become increasingly prevalent in the past few decades. Despite the significant progress made thus far, the focus of most existing work on cyberbullying detection lies in the independent content analysis of different comments within a social media session. We argue that such leading notions of analysis suffer from three key limitations: they overlook the temporal correlations among different comments; they only consider the content within a single comment rather than the topic coherence across comments; they remain…
In this paper, we explore the relationship between an individual's writing style and the risk that they will engage in online harmful behaviors (such as cyberbullying). In particular, we consider whether measurable differences in writing style relate to different personality types, as modeled by the Big-Five personality traits and the Dark Triad traits, and can differentiate between users who do or do not engage in harmful behaviors. We study messages from nearly 2,500 users from two online communities (Twitter and Reddit) and find that we can measure significant personality differences betwee…
Doxing refers to the practice of disclosing sensitive personal information about a person without their consent. This form of cyberbullying is an unpleasant and sometimes dangerous phenomenon for online social networks. Although prior work exists on automated identification of other types of cyberbullying, a need exists for methods capable of detecting doxing on Twitter specifically. We propose and evaluate a set of approaches for automatically detecting second- and third-party disclosures on Twitter of sensitive private information, a subset of which constitutes doxing. We summarize our findi…
Old Dominion University（欧道明大学）；Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Texas A&M University（德克萨斯A&M大学）
In recent years, significant effort has been invested verifying the reproducibility and robustness of research claims in social and behavioral sciences (SBS), much of which has involved resource-intensive replication projects. In this paper, we investigate prediction of the reproducibility of SBS papers using machine learning methods based on a set of features. We propose a framework that extracts five types of features from scholarly work that can be used to support assessments of reproducibility of published research claims. Bibliometric features, venue features, and author features are coll…
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院克勒格布尔分校）；L3S Research Center（L3S研究中心）
Online forums and social media platforms are increasingly being used to discuss topics of varying polarities where different people take different stances. Several methodologies for automatic stance detection from text have been proposed in literature. To our knowledge, there has not been any systematic investigation towards their reproducibility, and their comparative performances. In this work, we explore the reproducibility of several existing stance detection models, including both neural models and classical classifier-based models. Through experiments on two datasets -- (i)~the popular S…
TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology（莱布尼茨科学技术信息中心（TIB））；Leibniz University Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）
The detection of offensive, hateful and profane language has become a critical challenge since many users in social networks are exposed to cyberbullying activities on a daily basis. In this paper, we present an analysis of combining different textual features for the detection of hateful or offensive posts on Twitter. We provide a detailed experimental evaluation to understand the impact of each building block in a neural network architecture. The proposed architecture is evaluated on the English Subtask 1A: Identifying Hate, offensive and profane content from the post datasets of HASOC-2021 …
Fraunhofer FIT（弗劳恩霍夫应用信息技术研究所）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Noakhali Science and Technology University（诺亚克利科技大学）；Begum Rokeya University（贝古姆·罗凯亚大学）；The University of Alabama（阿拉巴马大学）；National University of Ireland, Galway（爱尔兰国立高威大学）；Islamic University of Technology（伊斯兰科技大学）
The exponential growths of social media and micro-blogging sites not only provide platforms for empowering freedom of expressions and individual voices, but also enables people to express anti-social behaviour like online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. Numerous works have been proposed to utilize textual data for social and anti-social behaviour analysis, by predicting the contexts mostly for highly-resourced languages like English. However, some languages are under-resourced, e.g., South Asian languages like Bengali, that lack computational resources for accurate natural language…
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering（斯里贾亚查马拉杰德拉工程学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Madras（印度理工学院马德拉斯分校）
In the recent past, social media platforms have helped people in connecting and communicating to a wider audience. But this has also led to a drastic increase in cyberbullying. It is essential to detect and curb hate speech to keep the sanity of social media platforms. Also, code mixed text containing more than one language is frequently used on these platforms. We, therefore, propose automated techniques for hate speech detection in code mixed text from scraped Twitter. We specifically focus on code mixed English-Hindi text and transformer-based approaches. While regular approaches analyze th…
