Dense femtocells and the integration of these femtocells with the macrocell are the ultimate goal of the femtocellular network deployment. Integrated macrocell/femtocell networks surely able to provide high data rate for the indoor users as well as able to offload huge traffic from the macrocellular networks to femtocellular networks. Efficient handling of handover calls is the key for the successful macrocell/femtocell integration. An appropriate traffic model for the integrated macrocell/femtocell networks is also needed for the performance analysis measurement. In this paper we presented a call admission control process and a traffic model for the integrated macrocell/femtocell networks. The numerical and simulation results show the important of the integrated macrocell/femtocell network and the performance improvement of the proposed schemes.
The femtocell networks that use home base station and existing xDSL or other cable line as backhaul connectivity can fulfill the upcoming demand of high data rate for wireless communication system as well as can extend the coverage area. Hence the modified handover procedure for existing networks is needed to support the macrocell/femtocell integrated network. Some modifications of existing network and protocol architecture for the integration of femtocell networks with the existing UMTS based macrocell networks are essential. These modifications change the signal flow for handover procedures …
In this paper we investigate the performance of mobile user connectivity in femtocell/macrocell networks. The femto user equipment (FUE) can connect to femto access point (FAP) with low communication range rather than higher communication range to macro base station (MBS). Furthermore, in such emerging networks, the spatial reuse of resources is permissible and the transmission range can be decreased, then the probability of connectivity is high. Thereby in this study, we propose a tractable analytical model for the connectivity probability based on communication range and the mobility of mobi…
The deployment of mobile femtocellular networks can enhance the service quality for the users inside the vehicles. The deployment of mobile femtocells generates a lot of handover calls. Also, numbers of group handover scenarios are found in mobile femtocellular network deployment. The ability to seamlessly switch between the femtocells and the macrocell networks is a key concern for femtocell network deployment. However, until now there is no effective and complete handover scheme for the mobile femtocell network deployment. Also handover between the backhaul networks is a major concern for th…
For dense femtocells, intelligent integrated femtocell/macrocell network architecture, a neighbor cell list with a minimum number of femtocells, effective call admission control (CAC), and handover processes with proper signaling are the open research issues. An appropriate traffic model for the integrated femtocell/macrocell network is also not yet developed. In this paper, we present the major issue of mobility management for the integrated femtocell/macrocell network. We propose a novel algorithm to create a neighbor cell list with a minimum, but appropriate, number of cells for handover. W…
Indoor cell phone users often suffer from poor connectivity. One promising solution, femtocell technology, has been rapidly developed and deployed over the past few years. One of the biggest challenges for femtocell deployment is lack of a clear business model. This paper investigates the economic incentive for the cellular operator (also called macrocell operator) to enable femtocell service by leasing spectrum resource to an independent femtocell operator. On the one hand, femtocell services can increase communication service quality and thus increase the efficiency of the spectrum resource.…
LTE femtocells have been widely deployed to increase network capacity and to offload mobile data traffic from macrocells. While cellular users' mobility behaviors are taken into consideration, a dilemma is formed: Should a User Equipment (UE) either handover into a femtocell or keep the current connection with a macrocell? Indeed, various user mobility behaviors may incur significant signaling overhead and degrade femtocell offloading capability due to frequent handover in/out femtocells. To address this dilemma, in this paper we propose an Optimal Threshold Offloading (OTO) algorithm consider…
This paper proposes two interference mitigation strategies that adjust the maximum transmit power of femtocell users to suppress the cross-tier interference at a macrocell base station (BS). The open-loop and the closed-loop control suppress the cross-tier interference less than a fixed threshold and an adaptive threshold based on the noise and interference (NI) level at the macrocell BS, respectively. Simulation results show that both schemes effectively compensate the uplink throughput degradation of the macrocell BS due to the cross-tier interference and that the closed-loop control provide…
Femtocellular networks will co-exist with macrocellular networks, mitigation of the interference between these two network types is a key challenge for successful integration of these two technologies. In particular, there are several interference mechanisms between the femtocellular and the macrocellular networks, and the effects of the resulting interference depend on the density of femtocells and the overlaid macrocells in a particular coverage area. While improper interference management can cause a significant reduction in the system capacity and can increase the outage probability, effec…
Femtocell networks have become a promising solution in supporting high data rates for 5G systems, where cell densification is performed using the small femtocells. However, femtocell networks have many challenges. One of the major challenges of femtocell networks is the interference management problem, where deployment of femtocells in the range of macro-cells may degrade the performance of the macrocell. In this paper, we develop a new platform for studying interference management in distributed femtocell networks using reinforcement learning approach. We design a complete MAC protocol to per…
Dense femtocells are the ultimate goal of the femtocellular network deployment. Among three types of handovers: femtocell-to-macrocell, macrocell-to-femtocell, and femtocell-to-femtocell, the latter two are the main concern for the dense femtocellular network deployment. For these handover cases, minimum as well appropriate neighbor cell list is the key element for the successful handover. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to make minimum but appropriate number of neighbor femtocell list for the femtocell-to-femtocell handover. Our algorithm considers received signal level from femto APs …
This paper proposes a self-optimized coverage coordination scheme for two-tier femtocell networks, in which a femtocell base station adjusts the transmit power based on the statistics of the signal and the interference power that is measured at a femtocell downlink. Furthermore, an analytic expression is derived for the coverage leakage probability that a femtocell coverage area leaks into an outdoor macrocell. The coverage analysis is verified by simulation, which shows that the proposed scheme provides sufficient indoor femtocell coverage and that the femtocell coverage does not leak into an…
Integrated femtocell/macrocell networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with femtocells, offer an economically appealing way to improve coverage, quality of service, and access network capacity. The key element to successful femtocells/macrocell integration lies in its self-organizing capability. Provisioning of quality of service is the main technical challenge of the femtocell/macrocell integrated networks, while the main administrative challenge is the choice of the proper evolutionary path from the existing macrocellular networks to the integrated network. In this arti…
A macrocell superposed by indoor deployed femtocells forms a geography-overlapped and spectrum-shared two tier network, which can efficiently improve coverage and enhance system capacity. It is important for reducing inter-tier co-channel interference that any femtocell user (FU) can select suitable access channel according to the path losses between itself and the macrocell users (MUs). Path loss should be estimated non-cooperatively since information exchange is difficult between macrocell and femtocells. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for FU to estimate the path loss between itse…
Femtocells are an emerging technology aimed at providing gains to both network operators and end-users. These gains come at a cost of increased interference, specifically the cross network interference between the macrocell and femtocell networks. This interference is one of the main performance limiting factors in allowing an underlaid femtocell network to share the spectrum with the cellular network. To manage this interference, we first propose a femtocell architecture that orthog- onally partitions the network bandwidth between the macrocell and femtocell networks. This scheme eliminates t…
Wireless networks employing small cells like femtocells are considered to be the choice of network deployment for 4G or advanced networks. This hierarchical deployment of cells introduces the necessity of effective frequency planning for mitigation of interference between different layers of network. As the scarce spectrum resources are likely to be reused to increase spectral efficiency, interference free signal reception has to be guaranteed to ensure better quality of service (QoS). In this paper we propose a dynamic frequency reuse scheme for the deployment of femtocells within a macrocell…
In a two tier cellular network -- comprised of a central macrocell underlaid with shorter range femtocell hotspots -- cross-tier interference limits overall capacity with universal frequency reuse. To quantify near-far effects with universal frequency reuse, this paper derives a fundamental relation providing the largest feasible cellular Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), given any set of feasible femtocell SINRs. We provide a link budget analysis which enables simple and accurate performance insights in a two-tier network. A distributed utility-based SINR adaptation at femtocell…
The ability to seamlessly switch between the macro networks and femtocell networks is a key driver for femtocell network deployment. The handover procedures for the integrated femtocell/macrocell networks differ from the existing handovers. Some modifications of existing network and protocol architecture for the integration of femtocell networks with the existing macrocell networks are also essential. These modifications change the signal flow for handover procedures due to different 2-tier cell (macrocell and femtocell) environment. The handover between two networks should be performed with m…
Femtocell base station (BS) is a low-power, low-price BS based on cellular communication technology. It is expected to become a cost-effective solution for improving the communication performance of indoor users, whose traffic demands are large in general. There are mainly three access strategies for femtocell, i.e., closed access, open access and hybrid access strategies. While it has been generally known that open/hybrid access femtocells contribute more to enhancing the system-wide performance than closed access femtocells, the operating parameters of both macro and femtocells should be car…
The increasing demands of various high data rate wireless applications have been seen in the recent years and it will continue in the future. To fulfill these demands, the limited existing wireless resources should be utilized properly or new wireless technology should be developed. Therefore, we propose some novel idea to manage the wireless resources and deployment of femtocellular network technology. The study was mainly divided into two parts: (a) femtocellular network deployment and resource allocation and (b) resource management for macrocellular networks. The femtocellular network deplo…
The next generation network aims to efficiently deploy low cost and low power cellular base station in the subscriber's home environment. For the femtocell deployment, frequency allocation among femtocells and macrocell is big concern to mitigate the interference, and to ensure the best use of the expensive spectrum. There are many sources of interference in integrated femtocell/macrocell networks. Lagging in proper management of interference reduces the system capacity, increases the outage probability, and finally users feel bad quality of experience (QoE). The cost effective interference ma…
Two-tier networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with shorter range hotspots (e.g. femtocells, distributed antennas, or wired relays), offer an economically viable way to improve cellular system capacity. The capacity-limiting factor in such networks is interference. The cross-tier interference between macrocells and femtocells can suffocate the capacity due to the near-far problem, so in practice hotspots should use a different frequency channel than the potentially nearby high-power macrocell users. Centralized or coordinated frequency planning, which is difficult and i…
The ubiquitous services of wireless communication networks are growing rapidly by the development of wireless communication technologies. While a user is roaming from one cell to another cell, an intelligent decision mechanism and network selection is extremely crucial to maintain the quality of service (QoS) during handover. Handover decision must be made precisely to avoid any unnecessary phenomenon like ping-pong, corner effect, call blocking, and call dropping etc. This work considered service types like voice, video, and data and their QoS requirements for handover decision using fuzzy lo…
The femto-access-point (FAP), a low power small cellular base station provides better signal quality for the indoor users. The mobile users in the vehicular environment suffer for the low quality signal from the outside wireless networks. The deployment of femtocells in the vehicular environment can solve the low level signal-to-noise plus interference problem. In this paper, we propose new application of the femtocell technology. The femtocells are deployed in the vehicular environment. Short distance between the user and the FAP provides better signal quality. The inside FAPs are connected t…
This paper proposes a coverage-oriented femtocell network deployment scheme, in which the femtocell base stations (BSs) can decide whether to be active or inactive depending on their distances from the macrocell BSs. Specifically, as the areas close to the macrocell BSs already have satisfactory cellular coverage, the femtocell BSs located inside such areas are kept to be inactive. Thus, all the active femtocells are located in the poor macrocell coverage areas. Based on a stochastic geometric framework, the coverage probability can be analyzed with tractable results. Surprisingly, the results…
Two-tier femtocell networks-- comprising a conventional macrocellular network plus embedded femtocell hotspots-- offer an economically viable solution to achieving high cellular user capacity and improved coverage. With universal frequency reuse and DS-CDMA transmission however, the ensuing cross-tier cochannel interference (CCI) causes unacceptable outage probability. This paper develops an uplink capacity analysis and interference avoidance strategy in such a two-tier CDMA network. We evaluate a network-wide area spectral efficiency metric called the \emph{operating contour (OC)} defined as …
We propose two novel schemes to level up the sum--rate for a two-tier network with femtocell where the backhaul uplink and downlink connecting the Base Stations have limited capacity. The backhaul links are exploited to transport the information in order to improve the decoding of the macrocell and femtocell messages. In the first scheme, Quantize-and-Forward, the Femto Base Station (FBS) quantizes what it receives and forwards it to the Macro Base Station (MBS). Two quantization methods are considered: Elementary Quantization and Wyner-Ziv Quantization. In the second scheme, called Decode-and…
In this paper, we develop novel two-tier interference management strategies that enable macrocell users (MUEs) to improve their performance, with the help of open-access femtocells. To this end, we propose a rate-splitting technique using which the MUEs optimize their uplink transmissions by dividing their signals into two types: a coarse message that is intended for direct transmission to the macrocell base station and a fine message that is decoded by a neighboring femtocell and subsequently relayed over a heterogeneous (wireless/wired) backhaul. For deploying the proposed technique, we form…
Two-tier femtocell networks is an efficient communication architecture that significantly improves throughput in indoor environments with low power consumption. Traditionally, a femtocell network is usually configured to be either completely open or completely closed in that its channels are either made available to all users or used by its own users only. This may limit network flexibility and performance. It is desirable for owners of femtocell base stations if a femtocell can partially open its channels for external users access. In such scenarios, spectrum and energy efficiency becomes a c…
Femtocells have been considered by the wireless industry as a cost-effective solution not only to improve indoor service providing, but also to unload traffic from already overburdened macro networks. Due to spectrum availability and network infrastructure considerations, a macro network may have to share spectrum with overlaid femtocells. In spectrum-sharing macro and femto networks, inter-cell interference caused by different transmission powers of macrocell base stations (MBS) and femtocell access points (FAP), in conjunction with potentially densely deployed femtocells, may create dead spo…
We introduce a comprehensive analytical framework to compare between open access and closed access in two-tier femtocell networks, with regard to uplink interference and outage. Interference at both the macrocell and femtocell levels is considered. A stochastic geometric approach is employed as the basis for our analysis. We further derive sufficient conditions for open access and closed access to outperform each other in terms of the outage probability, leading to closed-form expressions to upper and lower bound the difference in the targeted received power between the two access modes. Simul…
This paper investigates the energy-efficient power allocation for a two-tier, underlaid femtocell network. The behaviors of the Macrocell Base Station (MBS) and the Femtocell Users (FUs) are modeled hierarchically as a Stackelberg game. The MBS guarantees its own QoS requirement by charging the FUs individually according to the cross-tier interference, and the FUs responds by controlling the local transmit power non-cooperatively. Due to the limit of information exchange in intra- and inter-tiers, a self-learning based strategy-updating mechanism is proposed for each user to learn the equilibr…
In two-tier networks -- comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with shorter range hotspots (e.g. femtocells, distributed antennas, or wired relays) -- with universal frequency reuse, the near-far effect from cross-tier interference creates dead spots where reliable coverage cannot be guaranteed to users in either tier. Equipping the macrocell and femtocells with multiple antennas enhances robustness against the near-far problem. This work derives the maximum number of simultaneously transmitting multiple antenna femtocells meeting a per-tier outage probability constraint. Coverage…
Communications based solely on radio frequency (RF) networks cannot provide adequate quality of service for the rapidly growing demands of wireless connectivity. Since devices operating in the optical spectrum do not interfere with those using the RF spectrum, wireless networks based on the optical spectrum can be added to existing RF networks to fulfill this demand. Hence, optical wireless communication (OWC) technology can be an excellent complement to RF-based technology to provide improved service. Promising OWC systems include light fidelity (LiFi), visible light communication, optical ca…
Small cell networks are evolving as an economically viable solution to ameliorate the capacity and coverage of state-of-the-art wireless cellular systems. Nonetheless, the dense and unplanned deployment of the small cells (e.g., femtocells, picocells) with restricted user access significantly increases the impact of interference on the overall network performance. To this end, this paper presents a novel framework to derive the statistics of the interference considering dedicated and shared spectrum access for uplink transmissions in two-tier small cell networks such as the macrocell-femtocell…
Employing multi-tier networks is among the most promising approaches to address the rapid growth of the data demand in cellular networks. In this paper, we study a two-tier uplink cellular network consisting of femtocells and a macrocell. Femto base stations, and femto and macro users are assumed to be spatially deployed based on independent Poisson point processes. We consider an open access assignment policy, where each macro user based on the ratio between its distances from its nearest femto access point (FAP) and from the macro base station (MBS) is assigned to either of them. By tuning t…
3GPP LTE-Advanced has started a new study item to investigate Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments as a cost effective way to deal with the unrelenting traffic demand. HetNets consist of a mix of macrocells, remote radio heads, and low-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relays. Leveraging network topology, increasing the proximity between the access network and the end-users, has the potential to provide the next significant performance leap in wireless networks, improving spatial spectrum reuse and enhancing indoor coverage. Nevertheless, deployment of a large number of smal…
