通过研究三颗主序星在几个自转周期内的色球和光球活动,探讨了它们的星斑和谱斑之间的联系。我们提出了同步测光和高分辨率($R\sim 31,500$)光谱的KIC 9652680,一个年轻的,超耀斑生产的G1恒星的旋转周期为1.4天。它的开普勒光变曲线显示旋转调制与明亮的半球相一致,然后是相对较暗的半球,产生半振幅为4%的光度变化。我们发现,KIC 9652680是最黑暗的时候,它的$S$ -指数的钙II H & K的发射是在其最大值。我们解释了通量和$S$之间的反相关性,表明光球层中的暗恒星黑子与色球层中的亮斑位于同一位置,就像它们在太阳上一样。移动到较低的质量和较慢的旋转,我们目前的K2观测与EPIC 211928486(K5 V)和EPIC 211966629(K4 V),两个活跃的恒星在6.5亿岁的疏散星团Praesepe的同时光谱。K2测光显示,这两颗恒星的自转周期都是11.7天;虽然它们的流量分别变化了1%和2%,但它们的Ca II H & K $S$指数似乎保持相对恒定,作为旋转相位的函数。这表明扩展的色球网络并不像KIC 9652680那样集中在以驱动旋转调制的恒星黑子为中心的发射区域。我们还注意到EPIC 211928486的Ca II发射在一个旋转周期内突然下降和恢复,这表明谱斑的演化时间尺度可能是旋转周期的量级。
英文摘要:
We explore the connection between starspots and plages of three main-sequence stars by studying the chromospheric and photospheric activity over several rotation periods. We present simultaneous photometry and high-resolution ($R\sim 31,500$) spectroscopy of KIC 9652680, a young, superflare-producing G1 star with a rotation period of 1.4 days. Its Kepler light curve shows rotational modulation consistent with a bright hemisphere followed by a relatively dark hemisphere, generating photometric variability with a semi-amplitude of 4%. We find that KIC 9652680 is darkest when its $S$-index of Ca II H & K emission is at its maximum. We interpret this anti-correlation between flux and $S$ to indicate that dark starspots in the photosphere are co-located with the bright plages in the chromosphere, as they are on the Sun. Moving to lower masses and slower rotators, we present K2 observations with simultaneous spectroscopy of EPIC 211928486 (K5V) and EPIC 211966629 (K4V), two active stars in the 650 Myr-old open cluster Praesepe. The K2 photometry reveals that both stars have rotation periods of 11.7 days; while their flux varies by 1 and 2% respectively, their Ca II H & K $S$-indices seem to hold relatively constant as a function of rotational phase. This suggests that extended chromospheric networks of plages are not concentrated into regions of emission centered on the starspots that drive rotational modulation, unlike KIC 9652680. We also note that the Ca II emission of EPIC 211928486 dipped and recovered suddenly over the duration of one rotation, suggesting that the evolution timescale of plages may be of order the rotation period.
X-ray and Hα superflare on an RS CVn-type star, UX Arietis: Constraint on the flare location from radial velocity change during the flare
Chuo University(中央大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);The Catholic University of America(美利坚天主教大学);Kyoto University(京都大学);Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台昴星望远镜);University of Colorado Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校);National Solar Observatory(美国国家太阳观测台);Chiba University(千叶大学)
Detection Limits of Low-mass, Long-period Exoplanets Using Gaussian Processes Applied to HARPS-N Solar RVs
径向速度(RV)搜索类太阳恒星周围的宜居带中的地球质量系外行星受到恒星变化对宿主恒星的影响的限制。特别是,对流蓝移和亮度不均匀性的抑制,由于光球光斑/斑和星斑的主要贡献的变化,这样的恒星RV。高斯过程(GP)回归是一个强大的工具,统计建模这些准周期变化。我们使用800天的RVs从太阳望远镜的高精度径向速度行星搜索器的北半球(HARPS-N)摄谱仪研究这种技术的局限性。这些数据提供了恒星RV变化的良好采样时间序列。到这个数据集,我们注入开普勒信号的周期在100和500天之间,振幅在0.6和2.4 m s $^{-1}$。我们使用GP回归来拟合得到的RV,并确定恢复的周期和幅度的统计显著性。然后,我们生成具有与太阳数据相同的协方差特性的合成RV,以确定在类太阳恒星周围的金星轨道上检测低质量行星所需的观测基线的下限。我们的模拟表明,发现行星与较大的质量($\sim$ 0.5 m s $^{-1}$)使用当前一代光谱仪和GP回归将需要超过12年的密集采样RV观测。此外,即使有一个完美的恒星变化模型,用现有的仪器发现一个真正的外金星($\sim$ 0.1 m s $^{-1}$)也需要15年以上的时间。因此,需要下一代光谱仪和更好的恒星变化模型来探测这类行星。