泵浦/探测实验中电子热化的频闪测试
Stroboscopic Tests for Thermalization of Electrons in Pump/Probe Experiments
摘要：
泵浦/探测光谱学的目标之一是确定电子在被驱离平衡后如何弛豫。仅仅通过将电子的分布拟合到费米-狄拉克分布来确定电子与热态的接近程度是具有挑战性的。相反，我们建议比较费米子和集体玻色子模式（来自费米子）的有效温度，以确定从热态的距离。有效的费米子和玻色子温度的测量可以直接通过光电发射和非共振拉曼散射来实现。它们的差异量化了离热平衡的距离。
英文摘要：
One of the goals of pump/probe spectroscopies is to determine how electrons relax after they have been driven out of equilibrium. It is challenging to determine how close electrons are to a thermal state solely by fitting their distribution to a Fermi-Dirac distribution. Instead, we propose that one compare the effective temperatures of both fermions and collective bosonic modes (derived from the fermions) to determine the distance from a thermal state. Measurements of effective fermionic and bosonic temperatures can be achieved directly via photoemission and nonresonant Raman scattering. Their difference quantifies the distance from thermal equilibrium.
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