重离子碰撞-实验室中的热QCD
Heavy-ion collisions - hot QCD in a lab
摘要：
高能重离子碰撞为在实验室条件下研究由退禁闭夸克和胶子组成的热密强相互作用系统--夸克-胶子等离子体（QGP）的性质提供了一个独特的机会。通过格点量子色动力学计算预测QGP的形成是从强子物质（在零重化势下）的交叉跃迁，并且预计一旦系统温度达到155 MeV以上和/或能量密度超过$0.5~\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{fm}^{3}$时就会发生。这种强耦合QGP的性质与大爆炸后几微秒的早期宇宙有关。为了表征短寿命物质（寿命约为$10~\mathrm{fm}/c$）的物理性质，在相对论重离子对撞机和大型强子对撞机上进行的实验研究使用了自动生成的探针，例如强子碰撞早期产生的高能部分子，热发射光子和一组对集体膨胀和系统动力学敏感的粒子关联。讲座简要介绍了一些实验技术，并提供了一些结果一瞥。
英文摘要：
High-energy heavy-ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to study the properties of the hot and dense strongly-interacting system composed of deconfined quarks and gluons -- the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) -- in laboratory conditions. The formation of a QGP is predicted by lattice QCD calculations as a crossover transition from hadronic matter (at zero baryochemical potential) and is expected to take place once the system temperature reaches values above 155 MeV and/or the energy density above $0.5~\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{fm}^{3}$. The nature of such a strongly coupled QGP has been linked to the early Universe at some microseconds after the Big Bang. To characterize the physical properties of the short-lived matter (lifetime of about $10~\mathrm{fm}/c$) experimental studies at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider and the Large Hadron collider use auto-generated probes, such as high-energy partons created early in the hadronic collisions, thermally emitted photons, and a set of particle correlations that are sensitive to the collective expansion and the dynamics of the system. The lectures briefly introduced some of the experimental techniques and provided a glimpse at some of the results.
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