热门QCD白皮书：探索QCD在RHIC和LHC的阶段
The Hot QCD White Paper: Exploring the Phases of QCD at RHIC and the LHC
摘要：
在过去的十年里，相对论重离子对撞机（RHIC）和最近的大型强子对撞机（LHC）在重离子碰撞中的实验测量取得了巨大的进展。这些新的数据，结合在各种框架中计算的理论进展，导致了对热QCD物质性质的广泛而深入的了解。对这些碰撞中产生的夸克-胶子等离子体（QGP）越来越多的定量描述已经确定，QGP是一种强耦合液体，具有有史以来测量到的最低的比粘度值。然而，关于这种液体形成的初始状态的确切性质，它的性质如何在其相图中变化，以及在微观水平上，这种液体的集体性质如何从单个夸克和胶子之间的相互作用中显现出来，如果用足够高的分辨率探测液体，那么这些夸克和胶子必须是可见的。本白皮书由热QCD写作小组编写，作为美国核物理长期计划的一部分，回顾了热QCD领域的最新进展，并概述了未来十年解决该领域突出问题的科学机会。
英文摘要：
The past decade has seen huge advances in experimental measurements made in heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and more recently at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These new data, in combination with theoretical advances from calculations made in a variety of frameworks, have led to a broad and deep knowledge of the properties of thermal QCD matter. Increasingly quantitative descriptions of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in these collisions have established that the QGP is a strongly coupled liquid with the lowest value of specific viscosity ever measured. However, much remains to be learned about the precise nature of the initial state from which this liquid forms, how its properties vary across its phase diagram and how, at a microscopic level, the collective properties of this liquid emerge from the interactions among the individual quarks and gluons that must be visible if the liquid is probed with sufficiently high resolution. This white paper, prepared by the Hot QCD Writing Group as part of the U.S. Long Range Plan for Nuclear Physics, reviews the recent progress in the field of hot QCD and outlines the scientific opportunities in the next decade for resolving the outstanding issues in the field.
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