Spatial variations of the average properties that characterize the hadronic component of the diffuse Galactic cosmic-ray sea, in particular the spectral slope and normalization, may unveil critical information about their confinement mechanism in the Galaxy. In the first part of this paper we perform an analysis of the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray data with the SkyFACT package, which combines image reconstruction techniques with standard template fitting, isolate the hadronic emission and decompose it into Galactocentric rings. We find a significant hardening of the hadronic spectral index towards the molecular ring. We study this hardening in different energy ranges, and assess its resilience with respect to different prescriptions in the analysis setup. In the second part we quantify the contribution to the diffuse gamma-ray flux coming from unresolved point sources with a dedicated Monte Carlo simulation, and consider whether the trend characterized in the first part can be mimicked by a progressively more relevant flux associated to this component in the inner Galaxy. We find that the observed hardening of the hadronic spectral index cannot be due to unresolved sources in the sub-TeV energy range, especially outside the molecular ring, given reasonable assumptions about the unresolved source population.
Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
Unresolved sources naturally contribute to PeV $γ$-ray diffuse emission observed by Tibet AS$γ$
西藏AS的$γ$实验提供了第一个测量的总弥漫伽马射线发射从银河系盘在亚PeV的能量范围。在分析HGPS星表中TeV源的基础上，预测了Tibet AS $γ$观测到的银道面两个角窗口中未分辨源的贡献。我们表明，由于未解决的源和真正的扩散发射，由于宇宙射线与星际介质的相互作用，以及饱和西藏的数据，而不需要引入一个渐进硬化的宇宙射线光谱向银河系中心的总和。
The Evolution of X-ray Spectra in Tidal Disruption Events
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）
Radio flares and X-ray hardening embedded in the long soft state of 4U 1543-475
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；New York University Abu Dhabi（纽约大学阿布扎比分校）；Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen（蒂宾根大学）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（罗马天文台）；Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森天体物理中心）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
本研究通过多波段观测，揭示黑洞 X 射线双星 4U 1543-475 2021 年爆发期间的射电耀发与 X 射线硬化现象，明确其与吸积流几何、冕辐射及喷流的复杂关联。
Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Helium Spectrum from 40 GeV to 250 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station
Inference on inner galaxy structure via gravitational waves from supermassive binaries
State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（暗物质物理国家重点实验室，李政道研究所，上海交通大学）；Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE) & Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（粒子天体物理与宇宙学教育部重点实验室及上海市粒子物理与宇宙学重点实验室，上海交通大学）；Center of Gravity, Niels Bohr Institute（引力中心，尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Institute for Theoretical Physics, Goethe University（理论物理研究所，法兰克福歌德大学）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学物理与天文系）；Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute（尼尔斯·玻尔国际学院，尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文系）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步加速器）；Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology（高能物理研究所（IFAE），巴塞罗那科学技术研究院）；II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg（汉堡大学第二理论物理研究所）
