自下而上与自上而下的控制以及复杂模型生态系统中的信息传递
Bottom-up versus top-down control and the transfer of information in complex model ecosystems
摘要：
生态系统是相互作用的物种群落的生态和适应动态的涌现特征。通过非生物环境的自然选择和群落内的共同适应，物种进化，从而产生了我们所认为的生态系统的生态网络。这种还原论的观点可以与另一种观点形成对比，即由于物种必须适应周围的系统，系统本身对物种的进化路径施加了选择压力。这种自下而上和自上而下的控制在生态系统的发展和增长中的相互作用已经讨论了很久，但是经验性的生态系统数据很少，并且缺乏全面的数学框架。本文提出了一种基于信息论的自然选择和协同适应的相对权重的量化方法，以评估自下而上和自上而下控制在生态系统进化中的相对作用，并分析了基于个体的随机复杂系统模型--进化生态学的缠结自然模型中的信息传递。我们发现，生态群落演变从主要自下而上控制的早期演替系统更强烈的自上而下控制的后期演替系统，作为共适应的进展。对选择有高度影响的物种通常也更丰富。因此，我们的研究结果意味着生态社区是由自下而上和自上而下控制的对话形成的，系统选择和完整性的作用变得更加明显，进一步的生态系统的发展。
英文摘要：
Ecological systems are emergent features of ecological and adaptive dynamics of a community of interacting species. By natural selection through the abiotic environment and by co-adaptation within the community, species evolve, thereby giving rise to the ecological networks we regard as ecosystems. This reductionist perspective can be contrasted with the view that as species have to fit in the surrounding system, the system itself exerts selection pressure on the evolutionary pathways of the species. This interplay of bottom-up and top-down control in the development and growth of ecological systems has long been discussed, however empirical ecosystem data is scarce and a comprehensive mathematical framework is lacking. We present a way of quantifying the relative weight of natural selection and coadaptation grounded in information theory, to assess the relative role of bottom-up and top-down control in the evolution of ecological systems, and analyse the information transfer in an individual based stochastic complex systems model, the Tangled Nature Model of evolutionary ecology. We show that ecological communities evolve from mainly bottom-up controlled early-successional systems to more strongly top-down controlled late-successional systems, as coadaptation progresses. Species which have a high influence on selection are also generally more abundant. Hence our findings imply that ecological communities are shaped by a dialogue of bottom-up and top-down control, where the role of the systemic selection and integrity becomes more pronounced the further the ecosystem is developed.
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