We use radial velocity observations to search for long-period gas giant companions in systems hosting inner super-Earth (1-4 R_Earth, 1-10 M_Earth) planets to constrain formation and migration scenarios for this population. We consistently re-fit published RV datasets for 65 stars and find 9 systems with statistically significant trends indicating the presence of an outer companion. We combine these RV data with AO images to constrain the masses and semi-major axes of these companions. We quantify our sensitivity to the presence of long-period companions by fitting the sample with a power law distribution and find an occurrence rate of 39+/-7% for companions 0.5-20 M_Jup and 1-20 AU. Half of our systems were discovered by the transit method and half were discovered by the RV method. While differences in RV baselines and number of data points between the two samples lead to different sensitivities to distant companions, we find that occurrence rates of gas giant companions in each sample are consistent at the 0.5$σ$ level. We compare the frequency of Jupiter analogs in these systems to the equivalent rate from field star surveys and find that Jupiter analogs are more common around stars hosting super-Earths. We conclude that the presence of outer gas giants does not suppress the formation of inner super-Earths, and that these two populations of planets instead appear to be correlated. We also find that the stellar metallicities of systems with gas giant companions are higher than those without companions, in agreement with the well-established metallicity correlation from RV surveys of field stars.
HST-COS Transit Spectroscopy of KELT-20b: First Detection of Excess Far-ultraviolet Absorption From an Ultra-hot Jupiter
University of Colorado Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校);Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences(奥地利科学院空间研究所);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室)
A JWST Transit of a Jupiter Analog I: Constraints on the Oblateness of Kepler-167e
Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学);Flatiron Institute(平顿研究所);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究所);Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所)
Cold Jupiters and improved masses in 38 Kepler and K2 small planet systems from 3661 HARPS-N radial velocities. No excess of cold Jupiters in small planet systems
Detection of the nearest Jupiter analog in radial velocity and astrometry data
木星的存在对太阳系的结构至关重要,模型强调这是行星系的一般特征。我们发现当代天体测量卫星盖亚及其前身依巴谷记录的位置和运动之间的差异可以用来发现类地行星。我们说明了如何观察附近的恒星$\varepsilon$ Indi A的天体测量和径向速度数据可以用来独立地找到它的可疑同伴的轨道。径向速度和天体测量数据提供了互补的检测,允许一个更强大的解决方案比任何一种技术将单独提供。我们量化的$\varepsilon$ Indi A b作为最近的类彗星系外行星的质量为3 $M_{Jup}$上的一个稍微偏心的轨道,轨道周期为45年。虽然其他长周期系外行星已经被发现,但$\varepsilon$ Indi A b提供了一个很好的约束质量,并与$\varepsilon$ Indi A轨道上经过充分研究的褐矮星双星一起,意味着该系统为我们理解气体巨行星和褐矮星的形成提供了基准案例。
Formation of the four terrestrial planets in the Jupiter-Saturn chaotic excitation scenario: fundamental properties and water delivery
Kindai University(近畿大学);Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台天体计算物理中心);Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology(千叶工业大学行星探索研究中心)
Looking for astrometric signals below 20 m/s: A candidate exo-Jupiter in $δ$ Pav
我们使用Hipparcos空间任务数据与USNO专用地面天体测量程序URAT-Bright的组合,旨在补充和验证南方最亮恒星的盖亚结果,以估计系外行星引起的观测自行的小扰动。该计划中的1423颗明亮恒星之一$δ$ Pav在我们的长期估计和盖亚EDR 3值之间存在很小的自行差异,这对应于$(-17,+13)$ m s $^{-1}$的投影速度。这种差异在RA分量的0.994置信度下是显著的,这是由于恒星的接近和自行的令人印象深刻的精度。通过比较长期EDR 3-依巴谷和短期盖亚EDR 3在较小速度下的自行,但具有正式的绝对置信度,证实了这种效果。我们推测,接近太阳的类似物$δ$ Pav拥有一颗类似木星的长周期系外行星。
A JWST Transit of a Jupiter Analog: II. A Search for Exomoons
Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦研究所);Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院物理系与卡弗里天体物理学与空间研究研究所);Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics(中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所);SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research(荷兰空间研究所)
CI Tau: A controlled experiment in disk-planet interaction
CI Tau是一个年轻(约200万年)的T型金牛座系统,在其SED中有大量的近红外线过剩,表明原行星盘延伸到非常接近它的恒星。这似乎与CI Tau b的径向速度发现不一致,CI Tau b是一颗大约12 MJ的行星,大约0.1 au,预计会在最里面的圆盘上雕刻一个宽而深的空腔。为了研究这一明显的矛盾,我们运行二维流体动力学模拟来研究行星对磁盘的影响,然后用辐射转移对结果进行后处理,以获得SED。我们发现,在~0.1天文单位,即使是这样一个巨大的同伴几乎没有影响的近红外线过剩,无论行星偏心率和尘埃大小分布的结果。相反,在CI Tau的SED中观察到的全圆盘签名与热超级木星CI Tau b的存在是一致的。正如我们的模拟所揭示的那样,SED中清晰的过渡盘签名更有可能是新生的“温暖”彗星的路标,位于其宿主恒星未来宜居带的1 AU左右。
A Correlation Between Stellar Activity and Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra
我们提出的证据之间的相关性观测到的热木星发射光谱和活动水平的主机使用钙II H & K发射谱线测量。我们发现,行星的昼面发射光谱是很好地描述了标准的一维大气模型与水的吸收(HD 189733,TrES-1,TrES-3,WASP-4)的轨道色球活跃的恒星,而行星的发射光谱是一致的存在一个强大的高空温度反演和水的发射轨道安静的恒星。我们估计,活跃的G和K星的莱曼α通量通常是4-7倍,比安静的恒星具有类似的光谱型,并提出,增加的紫外线通量接收到的行星轨道活跃的恒星破坏的化合物负责形成所观察到的温度反演。在本文中,我们还得出了一个模型独立的方法来区分这两种大气类型使用的二次日食深度测量的3.6和4.5微米波段的斯皮策太空望远镜,并认为,所观察到的相关性是独立的倒置/非倒置的范式分类热木星大气。
On the Detectability of Volcanic Exo-Ios That May Fuel Auroras on Super-Jupiters
University of Michigan(密歇根大学);American Museum of Natural History(美国自然历史博物馆);Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin(都柏林三一学院,都柏林大学);Lowell Observatory(洛厄尔天文台);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Johns Hopkins APL(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室)
Worlds Next Door. III. Indirect Evidence for Enhanced Atmospheric Metallicity and/or the Presence of Water Clouds in the Nearest Jupiter-analog $ε$ Eri b
Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院卡希尔天文与天体物理中心);Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系);Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics(国家研究委员会赫尔茨伯格天文学与天体物理学研究所);Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles(加州大学洛杉矶分校地球、行星与空间科学系)
A Sulfur-Rich Atmosphere for the Young Jupiter Analog AF Lep b Reveals Significant Solid Accretion
University of California, Los Angeles(加州大学洛杉矶分校);Northwestern University(西北大学);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);University of California, San Diego(加州大学圣迭戈分校);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);New Mexico State University(新墨西哥州立大学)