通过使用“热感应器”，热量在没有外部干预的情况下从冷到热流动
Heat flowing from cold to hot without external intervention by using a 'thermal inductor'
摘要：
通过将沸水与保持在环境温度下的热浴热连接而没有外部干预，将沸水一直冷却到冻结，这将是非常出乎意料的。我们描述了一个“热感应器”，由一个珀尔帖元件和一个电感组成，它可以驱动两个机构之间的温差，通过对它们之间的热量流动施加惯性来改变符号，并使持续的热传递从冷却机构到其温暖的对应物，而不需要外部驱动力。我们证明了它的操作在实验中，并表明该过程可以通过一系列的准平衡态，同时完全符合热力学第二定律。这种“热感应器”扩展了电路和热电路之间的类比，并且随着热电材料的进一步发展，可以在没有外部能量供应或移动部件的情况下将热材料冷却到远低于环境温度。
英文摘要：
The cooling of boiling water all the way down to freezing, by thermally connecting it to a thermal bath held at ambient temperature without external intervention, would be quite unexpected. We describe the equivalent of a 'thermal inductor', composed of a Peltier element and an electric inductance, which can drive the temperature difference between two bodies to change sign by imposing inertia on the heat flowing between them, and enable continuing heat transfer from the chilling body to its warmer counterpart without the need of an external driving force. We demonstrate its operation in an experiment and show that the process can pass through a series of quasi-equilibrium states while fully complying with the second law of thermodynamics. This 'thermal inductor' extends the analogy between electrical and thermal circuits and could serve, with further progress in thermoelectric materials, to cool hot materials well below ambient temperature without external energy supply or moving parts.
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