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arXiv 1802.04341cond-mat.soft
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冻结在球体上

Freezing on a Sphere

Rodrigo E. Guerra, Colm P. Kelleher, Andrew D. Hollingsworth, Paul M. Chaikin

摘要:

最好理解的晶体有序转变是二维冻结,当温度降低到临界阈值以下时,晶格缺陷迅速消失。但是,拓扑学要求在封闭表面上组装的晶体具有最小数量的晶格缺陷,称为向错,这是保守的拓扑电荷;考虑足球上的12个五边形或病毒衣壳中的12个五聚体。此外,在弯曲表面上组装的晶体可以自发地产生额外的缺陷,以减轻由曲率施加的应力。那么,我们怎么能在球体上结晶呢?球体是最简单的曲面,在那里不可能消除这些缺陷。在这里,我们表明,冻结在一个球体上的收益形成一个单一的,包围“大陆”,这迫使缺陷成12个孤立的“海”与足球和病毒相同的二十面体对称。我们使用这种破缺的对称性-对齐的顶点的二十面体的缺陷海和展开的面到一个平面上-构建一个新的序参量,揭示了潜在的长程取向顺序的晶格。这些结果进一步加深了我们对天然结构(如病毒衣壳、脂质囊泡和细菌S层)的热力学和力学性质的理解,并表明缺陷的自发隔离和组织可以在其他均质材料中产生机械和动力学不均匀性。

英文摘要:

The best-understood crystal ordering transition is that of two-dimensional freezing, which proceeds by the rapid eradication of lattice defects as the temperature is lowered below a critical threshold. But crystals that assemble on closed surfaces are required by topology to have a minimum number of lattice defects, called disclinations, that act as conserved topological charges; consider the 12 pentagons on a soccer ball or the 12 pentamers in a viral capsid. Moreover, crystals assembled on curved surfaces can spontaneously develop additional defects to alleviate the stress imposed by the curvature. How then can we have crystallization on a sphere, the simplest curved surface where it is impossible to eliminate these defects? Here we show that freezing on a sphere proceeds by the formation of a single, encompassing "continent," which forces defects into 12 isolated "seas" with the same icosahedral symmetry as soccer balls and viruses. We use this broken symmetry - aligning the vertices of an icosahedron with the defect seas and unfolding the faces onto a plane - to construct a new order parameter that reveals the underlying long-range orientational order of the lattice. These results further our understanding of the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of naturally occurring structures, such as viral capsids, lipid vesicles, and bacterial s-layers, and show that the spontaneous sequestration and organization of defects can produce mechanical and dynamical inhomogeneities in otherwise homogeneous materials.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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