近共振光与密集微观冷二能级原子云的相干散射：实验与理论
Coherent Scattering of Near-Resonant Light by a Dense, Microscopic Cloud of Cold Two-Level Atoms: Experiment versus Theory
摘要：
我们测量了激光冷却的二能级铷原子云对低强度近共振光的相干散射，原子云的大小与光波长相当。我们在300 G的磁场作用下，分离出二能级原子结构。我们测量的时间和稳态的相干光响应的云的各种失谐的激光和原子数范围从5到100。我们比较我们的结果，一个微观耦合偶极子模型和多模，傍轴麦克斯韦-布洛赫模型。在低强度区域，两个模型非常吻合，从而验证了麦克斯韦-布洛赫模型。与数据相比，发现模型在相对低密度（$n/k^3\lesssim 0.1$）下非常一致，而在较高密度下开始出现显著偏差。这种分歧表明，即使在原始的实验条件下，在密集的冷原子系综中的光散射仍然没有定量地理解。
英文摘要：
We measure the coherent scattering of low-intensity, near-resonant light by a cloud of laser-cooled two-level rubidium atoms with a size comparable to the wavelength of light. We isolate a two-level atomic structure by applying a 300G magnetic field. We measure both the temporal and the steady-state coherent optical response of the cloud for various detunings of the laser and for atom numbers ranging from 5 to 100. We compare our results to a microscopic coupled-dipole model and to a multi-mode, paraxial Maxwell-Bloch model. In the low-intensity regime, both models are in excellent agreement, thus validating the Maxwell-Bloch model. Comparing to the data, the models are found in very good agreement for relatively low densities ($n/k^3\lesssim 0.1$), while significant deviations start to occur at higher density. This disagreement indicates that light scattering in dense, cold atomic ensembles is still not quantitatively understood, even in pristine experimental conditions.
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