GREENER：一种提高寄存器文件能效的工具
GREENER: A Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Register Files
摘要：
图形处理单元（GPU）维护大型寄存器文件以增加线程级并行性（TLP）。为了进一步增加TLP，最近的GPU在每一代中都增加了片上寄存器的数量。然而，随着寄存器文件大小的增加，泄漏功率增加。此外，随着技术的进步，泄漏功率分量已经增加，并且已经成为制造过程的重要考虑因素。寄存器文件的泄漏功率可以通过在访问它们之后将不经常使用的寄存器变为低功率（休眠或关闭）状态来降低。这样做的一个主要挑战是缺乏运行时寄存器访问信息。本文提出了GREENER（GPU寄存器文件能量减少器）：一个系统，以最大限度地减少泄漏能量的寄存器文件的GPU。GREENER采用编译时分析来估计运行时寄存器访问信息。分析结果用于确定每条指令后寄存器的电源状态（ON、SLEEP或OFF）。我们提出了一个功率优化的汇编指令集，它允许GREENER在可执行程序本身中对寄存器的功率状态进行编码。修改后的程序集，以及运行时优化，以更新在执行过程中的寄存器的功率状态，在显着降低功耗的结果。我们在GPGPU-Sim模拟器中实现了GREENER，并使用GPUWattch框架对寄存器文件的泄漏功耗进行了测试。GREENER在CUDASDK、GPGPGPU-SIM、Parboil和Rodinia基准测试套件的21个内核上的评估显示，寄存器泄漏能量平均减少69.04%，最大减少87.95%，模拟周期开销可以忽略不计（平均为0.53%）。
英文摘要：
Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) maintain a large register file to increase the thread level parallelism (TLP). To increase the TLP further, recent GPUs have increased the number of on-chip registers in every generation. However, with the increase in the register file size, the leakage power increases. Also, with the technology advances, the leakage power component has increased and has become an important consideration for the manufacturing process. The leakage power of a register file can be reduced by turning infrequently used registers into low power (drowsy or off) state after accessing them. A major challenge in doing so is the lack of runtime register access information. This paper proposes GREENER (GPU REgister file ENErgy Reducer): a system to minimize leakage energy of the register file of GPUs. GREENER employs a compile-time analysis to estimate the run-time register access information. The result of the analysis is used to determine the power state of the registers (ON, SLEEP, or OFF) after each instruction. We propose a power optimized assembly instruction set that allows GREENER to encode the power state of the registers in the executable itself. The modified assembly, along with a run-time optimization to update the power state of a register during execution, results in significant power reduction. We implemented GREENER in GPGPU-Sim simulator, and used GPUWattch framework to measure the register file's leakage power. Evaluation of GREENER on 21 kernels from CUDASDK, GPGPU-SIM, Parboil, and Rodinia benchmarks suites shows an average reduction of register leakage energy by 69.04% and maximum reduction of 87.95% with a negligible number of simulation cycles overhead (0.53% on average).
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