Non protein coding regions of the human genome contain many complex patterns which regulate the cellular activity. Studying the human genome is limited by the lack of understanding of its features and their complex interactions. However, recent advances in AI research have enabled automatically learning representations of high dimensional complex data without feature engineering, using deep neural networks. Therefore, in this paper, we demonstrate that a convolutional neural network can learn a representation of DNA sequence without specifying any motifs or patterns, such that it becomes capable of predicting whether a DNA sequence is natural or artificial. The trained model could distinguish scrambled vs real DNA sequences for scrambling lengths of 2 bp, 10 bp, 50 bp and even 100 bp, with a significantly higher accuracy than linear SVMs. With this study, we have discovered that regions of non protein coding DNA might have meaningful interactions at even longer than 100 bp distances even though they do not code proteins.
Domesticated P elements in the Drosophila montium species subgroup have a new function related to a DNA binding property
转座因子的分子驯化被定义为宿主基因组对其进行功能性募集。到目前为止,两个独立的事件的分子驯化的P转座因子已被描述:在果蝇obscura种组和果蝇montium种亚组。这些P neogenes由固定的、非重复的序列组成,可能编码66 kDa的阻遏物样蛋白(RL)。在这里,我们调查montium P neogenes的功能。我们提供了两种montium(D。tsacasi和D. bocqueti)在成虫和幼虫的脑和性腺中特异性表达。我们测试的假设,montium P neogenes的功能是有关的远相关的移动P元件共存于基因组中的易位的抑制。我们的研究结果强烈表明,montium P neogenes不招募下调P元件转位。考虑到由移动或固定P同源序列编码的所有蛋白质都显示出DNA结合结构域的强保守性,我们测试了RL蛋白在体内结合DNA的能力。多线染色体的免疫染色。黑腹果蝇转基因系强烈表明,montium P neogenes编码在体内结合DNA的蛋白质。RL蛋白显示出与染色体的多重结合。我们认为,物业招聘的情况下的montium P新蛋白是它们的DNA结合性能。这些新生代的可能功能进行了讨论。
Increasing biological complexity is positively correlated with the relative genome-wide expansion of non-protein-coding DNA sequences
背景资料:在当前的基因组时代之前,有人认为生物体所使用的蛋白质编码基因的数量是衡量其复杂性的有效指标。然而,现在很清楚的是,主要的不一致性存在,生物复杂性和蛋白质编码基因的数量之间只有微弱的关系。例如,使用蛋白质编码基因数量作为评估生物复杂性的基础,将使尾索动物和昆虫的复杂性低于线虫,而人类的复杂性低于水稻。结果如下:我们分析了85个测序物种的非编码基因组DNA与总基因组DNA的比率(ncDNA/tgDNA),发现这个比率与生物学复杂性的增加密切相关。对于原核生物,ncDNA/tgDNA比率通常包含在0.05-0.24的带宽内,但在单细胞真核生物中上升到0.26-0.52,并且对于发育复杂的多细胞生物体上升到0.62-0.985。值得注意的是,原核生物物种的物种分布不均匀,接近平均值0.1177 ncDNA/tgDNA(p=1.58 x 10^-13),ncDNA/tgDNA与基因组大小呈非线性关系(r=0.15)。重要的是,ncDNA/tgDNA比率校正倍性,并且基本上不受重复序列的可变负荷的影响。结论:我们认为,所观察到的非编码DNA的增加和组成模式主要是增加的信息含量的函数。因此,内含子、基因间序列、重复元件和基因组DNA可能对复杂生物的进化和功能库比以前认识到的要重要得多。