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arXiv 1707.05976astro-ph.GA
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猎户座B分子云中L1630的[ CII ]发射

[CII] emission from L1630 in the Orion B molecular cloud

C. H. M. Pabst, J. R. Goicoechea, D. Teyssier, O. Berné, B. B. Ochsendorf, M. G. Wolfire, R. D. Higgins, D. Riquelme, C. Risacher, J. Pety, F. Le Petit, E. Roue… 展开作者

C. H. M. Pabst, J. R. Goicoechea, D. Teyssier, O. Berné, B. B. Ochsendorf, M. G. Wolfire, R. D. Higgins, D. Riquelme, C. Risacher, J. Pety, F. Le Petit, E. Roueff, E. Bron, A. G. G. M. Tielens

摘要:

对猎户座B分子云L1630的观测,包括标志性的马头星云,使我们能够在相对良性的条件下研究恒星辐射和分子云之间的相互作用,即中等密度和中等紫外辐射场。与经过充分研究的猎户座分子云1(OMC 1)相反,猎户座分子云1(OMC 1)的条件要恶劣得多,L1630几乎没有恒星形成。我们的目标是将[CII]精细结构线发射与L1630中占主导地位的物理条件联系起来,并将其与OMC 1的研究进行比较。使用SOFIA机载upGREAT仪器观察L1630中$12' \times 17'$区域的[CII] $158\,μ\mathrm{m}$发射。在来自映射区域的[CII]发射中,95%的$13\,L_{\odot}$来自分子云;相邻的HII区域仅贡献5%,即$1\,L_{\odot}$。从与其他数据(CO(1-0)线发射,远红外(FIR)连续研究,从多环芳烃(PAH)的排放)的比较,我们推断的气体密度的分子云$n_{\mathrm{H}}\sim 3\cdot 10^3\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$,与表面层,包括马头星云,具有高达$n_{\mathrm{H}}\sim 4\cdot 10^4\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$的密度。表面气体的温度是$T\sim 100\,\mathrm{K}$。分子云内的平均[CII]冷却效率为$1.3\cdot 10^{-2}$。研究区域内的分子云的质量分数由[CII]追踪仅为$8\%$。我们的PDR模型能够再现FIR-[CII]相关性以及CO(1-0)-[CII]相关性。最后,我们比较了我们的结果的气体的加热效率与理论研究的光电加热的多环芳烃,多环芳烃的集群,和非常小的颗粒,并发现加热效率低于理论预测,由其他观测的趋势的延续。

英文摘要:

Observations towards L1630 in the Orion B molecular cloud, comprising the iconic Horsehead Nebula, allow us to study the interplay between stellar radiation and a molecular cloud under relatively benign conditions, that is, intermediate densities and an intermediate UV radiation field. Contrary to the well-studied Orion Molecular Cloud 1 (OMC1), which hosts much harsher conditions, L1630 has little star formation. We aim to relate the [CII] fine-structure line emission to the physical conditions predominant in L1630 and compare it to studies of OMC1. The [CII] $158\,μ\mathrm{m}$ emission from an area of $12' \times 17'$ in L1630 was observed using the upGREAT instrument onboard SOFIA. Of the [CII] emission from the mapped area 95%, $13\,L_{\odot}$, originates from the molecular cloud; the adjacent HII region contributes only 5%, that is, $1\,L_{\odot}$. From comparison with other data (CO (1-0)-line emission, far-infrared (FIR) continuum studies, emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), we infer a gas density of the molecular cloud of $n_{\mathrm{H}}\sim 3\cdot 10^3\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, with surface layers, including the Horsehead Nebula, having a density of up to $n_{\mathrm{H}}\sim 4\cdot 10^4\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$. The temperature of the surface gas is $T\sim 100\,\mathrm{K}$. The average [CII] cooling efficiency within the molecular cloud is $1.3\cdot 10^{-2}$. The fraction of the mass of the molecular cloud within the studied area that is traced by [CII] is only $8\%$. Our PDR models are able to reproduce the FIR-[CII] correlations and also the CO (1-0)-[CII] correlations. Finally, we compare our results on the heating efficiency of the gas with theoretical studies of photoelectric heating by PAHs, clusters of PAHs, and very small grains, and find the heating efficiency to be lower than theoretically predicted, a continuation of the trend set by other observations.

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