Several types of foreshock transients upstream of Earth's bow shock possessing a tenuous, hot core have been observed and simulated. Because of the low dynamic pressure in their cores, these phenomena can significantly disturb the bow shock and the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Recent observations have also demonstrated that foreshock transients can accelerate particles which, when transported earthward, can affect space weather. Understanding the potential of foreshock transients to accelerate particles can help us understand shock acceleration at Earth and at other planetary and astrophysical systems. To further investigate foreshock transients' potential for acceleration we conduct a statistical study of ion and electron energization in the core of foreshock transients. We find that electron energies typically increase there, evidently due to an internal acceleration process, whereas, as expected, ion energies most often decrease to support transient formation and expansion. Nevertheless, ion energy enhancements can be seen in some events suggesting an internal ion acceleration process as well. Formation conditions of foreshock transients are related to weak solar wind magnetic field strength and fast solar wind speed. Ion and electron energization are also positively correlated with solar wind speed.
Compressive Structures in the Foreshock of Collisionless Shocks
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)（欧洲空间局，欧洲空间天文中心）；Departamento de Ciencias Espaciales, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学地球物理学院空间科学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院物理与天文系）；Division of Space and Plasma Physics - KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院太空与等离子物理系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku（图尔库大学物理与天文系）；William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas（德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校威廉·B·汉森空间科学中心）；Department of Physics, University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学物理系）
PIC simulations of nonrelativistic high-Mach-number oblique shocks propagating in a turbulent medium
University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学）；Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步辐射中心）；Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院物理研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik（马克斯·普朗克等离子体物理研究所）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）
The Wave-Regulated Precursor of a Near-Parallel Interplanetary Shock Observed by Parker Solar Probe
University of Turku（图尔库大学）；Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校空间科学实验室）；National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv（基辅塔拉斯舍甫琴科国立大学）；Ben Gurion University of the Negev（内盖夫本古里安大学）；University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Eureka Scientific（尤里卡科学公司）；The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院）；KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学）
Multi-Mission Observations of Relativistic Electrons and High-Speed Jets Linked to Shock Generated Transients
The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Northumbria University（诺森比亚大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））；Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学）；NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）
Energetic particle-mediated interplanetary shocks observed by Solar Orbiter
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)（欧洲空间局（ESA），欧洲空间天文中心（ESAC））；Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, Heliophysics Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（NASA戈达德太空飞行中心，日球物理部，日球物理实验室）；Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik（马克斯·普朗克核物理研究所）；Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche（意大利国家研究委员会等离子体科学与技术研究所（ISTP））；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院物理与天文学系）；Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学月球与行星实验室）；Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University（基尔大学实验与应用物理研究所）
