哈勃太空望远镜对来自MACS样本的$0.3 < z < 0.5$的86个X射线选择的星系团进行的快照调查已经证明对于探索广泛的天文学研究课题是非常宝贵的。我们在这里概述了从第14周期到第20周期进行的四次MACS SNAPshot调查,这是长期努力的一部分,旨在确定特殊的星系团目标,以便银河系外社区进行深入的跟踪。我们还发布了作为该计划一部分观察到的所有星系团的红移和X射线光度。为了说明MACS集群SNAPshot观测的力量,我们探索了星系演化的几个方面,这些方案获得的图像照亮。我们证实了在$z>0.3$ X射线选择团簇的高透镜效率。研究星团红色序列的斜率的演化,我们观察到最好的红移略有下降,表明自$z\sim 1$以来年龄的贡献最小。与以前的研究结果一致,我们注意到,这是显着更蓝($\geq 5σ$)比它们的集群的红色序列的两个BCGs驻留在松弛的集群,并表现出明显的内部结构。由于我们的目标的高X射线光度,我们用钱德拉观察到的样本子集为X射线光度-光学丰富度关系增加了宝贵的杠杆作用,尽管有大量的散射,现在已经清楚地建立了从星系群到超大质量星系团的关系。我们的结论是,SNAPshot观测MACS集群的立场继续发挥重要的探路者的作用,在整个电磁波谱的天体物理研究。
英文摘要:
Hubble Space Telescope SNAPshot surveys of 86 X-ray selected galaxy clusters at $0.3 < z < 0.5$ from the MACS sample have proven invaluable for the exploration of a wide range of astronomical research topics. We here present an overview of the four MACS SNAPshot surveys conducted from Cycle 14 to Cycle 20 as part of a long-term effort aimed at identifying exceptional cluster targets for in-depth follow up by the extragalactic community. We also release redshifts and X-ray luminosities of all clusters observed as part of this initiative. To illustrate the power of SNAPshot observations of MACS clusters, we explore several aspects of galaxy evolution illuminated by the images obtained for these programmes. We confirm the high lensing efficiency of X-ray selected clusters at $z>0.3$. Examining the evolution of the slope of the cluster red sequence, we observe at best a slight decrease with redshift, indicating minimal age contribution since $z\sim 1$. Congruent to previous studies' findings, we note that the two BCGs which are significantly bluer ($\geq 5σ$) than their clusters' red sequences reside in relaxed clusters and exhibit pronounced internal structure. Thanks to our targets' high X-ray luminosity, the subset of our sample observed with Chandra adds valuable leverage to the X-ray luminosity--optical richness relation, which, albeit with substantial scatter, is now clearly established from groups to extremely massive clusters of galaxies. We conclude that SNAPshot observations of MACS clusters stand to continue to play a vital pathfinder role for astrophysical investigations across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Gems of the Galaxy Zoos -- a Wide-Ranging Hubble Space Telescope Gap-Filler Program
我们描述了银河系动物园的宝石(动物园宝石)项目,一个填补空白的项目,在哈勃太空望远镜的时间表中使用短窗口。与以前的快照计划一样,目标是根据位置从一个池中提取的;我们结合了志愿者在银河动物园和无线电银河动物园公民科学项目中选择的对象。Zoo Gems使用Advanced Camera for Surveys(ACS)的曝光来解决星系形态,星际介质内容,活动星系核的宿主星系和星系演化等广泛的主题。科学案例包括研究星系的相互作用,星系中的背光尘埃,星暴后系统,环和特殊的螺旋图案,通常的颜色-形态关系的异常值,绿豆紧凑的星暴系统,螺旋宿主星系的双射电源,以及活动星系核周围的扩展发射线区域。对于这些科学类别中的许多类别,从更大的列表中最终选择目标是通过投票过程使用公众输入。到目前为止的亮点包括在蓝色的,显然是早期类型的星系中紧密缠绕的螺旋结构的流行,一个几乎完整的爱因斯坦环从一个群透镜,在较低的表面亮度周围的紧凑的绿豌豆星爆的红色组件,以及螺旋星系托管大型双射电源的高概率例子。
The Far-Ultraviolet Extragalactic Legacy (FUEL) Survey: Hubble Far-UV Images and Catalogs of the Extragalactic Legacy Fields
University of California, Riverside(加州大学河滨分校);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);Universidad Complutense de Madrid(马德里康普顿斯大学);University of Western Australia(西澳大学);Stockholm University(斯德哥尔摩大学);University of California at Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Clemson University(克莱姆森大学)
Hubble Study of the Proper Motion of HST-1 in the Jet of M87
Villanova University(维拉诺瓦大学);McGill University(麦吉尔大学);Washington University in St. Louis(华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校);Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University(亚盖隆大学天文台)
The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters
Università degli Studi di Ferrara(费拉拉大学);Università degli Studi di Milano(米兰大学);University of Portsmouth(朴茨茅斯大学);Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München(慕尼黑大学);INAF – IASF Milano(意大利国家天体物理研究所米兰天文物理研究所);INAF – OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna(意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文与空间科学研究所);Università Degli Studi di Salerno(萨莱诺大学);INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台)