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arXiv 1704.06264astro-ph.GAastro-ph.COastro-ph.SR
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盖亚时代的β谷:模拟预测恒星晕的银河系速度各向异性参数

Beta Dips in the Gaia Era: Simulation Predictions of the Galactic Velocity Anisotropy Parameter for Stellar Halos

Sarah R. Loebman, Monica Valluri, Kohei Hattori, Victor P. Debattista, Eric F. Bell, Greg Stinson, Charlotte R. Christensen, Alyson Brooks, Thomas R. Quinn, Fabio Governato

摘要:

速度各向异性参数β是衡量恒星晕中轨道运动状态的一个指标,它有望约束银河系(MW)的合并历史。我们确定全球趋势β作为半径的函数,从三套模拟,包括吸积和宇宙流体动力学模拟。我们发现,这两种类型的模拟是一致的,并预测强烈的径向各向异性(<beta>~0.7)的银心半径大于10千秒差距。先前对MW的恒星晕的β观测声称在r~20 kpc处检测到了各向同性或切向的“倾角”。使用N-体+SPH模拟,我们调查的时间持久性,人口的起源,和严重程度的“下降”β。我们发现,在原位恒星晕的倾角是长期的,而在吸积恒星晕的倾角是短暂的,并与最近的吸积卫星材料。我们还发现,早在z~1的一个主要合并可以导致今天的低(各向同性的切向)的β值在很大范围的半径和角膨胀。虽然所有这些机制都是MW中观察到的β下降的合理驱动因素,但在模拟中,每个机制都有一个与之相关的独特金属丰度特征,这意味着未来的光谱调查可以区分它们。由于测量MW晕的质量需要β(r)的准确知识,我们注意到当使用球面Jeans方程建模时,β的显著瞬时下降可能导致对晕质量的高估。

英文摘要:

The velocity anisotropy parameter, beta, is a measure of the kinematic state of orbits in the stellar halo which holds promise for constraining the merger history of the Milky Way (MW). We determine global trends for beta as a function of radius from three suites of simulations, including accretion only and cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. We find that both types of simulations are consistent and predict strong radial anisotropy (<beta>~0.7) for Galactocentric radii greater than 10 kpc. Previous observations of beta for the MW's stellar halo claim a detection of an isotropic or tangential "dip" at r~20 kpc. Using the N-body+SPH simulations, we investigate the temporal persistence, population origin, and severity of "dips" in beta. We find dips in the in situ stellar halo are long-lived, while dips in the accreted stellar halo are short-lived and tied to the recent accretion of satellite material. We also find that a major merger as early as z~1 can result in a present day low (isotropic to tangential) value of beta over a wide range of radii and angular expanse. While all of these mechanisms are plausible drivers for the beta dip observed in the MW, in the simulations, each mechanism has a unique metallicity signature associated with it, implying that future spectroscopic surveys could distinguish between them. Since an accurate knowledge of beta(r) is required for measuring the mass of the MW halo, we note significant transient dips in beta could cause an overestimate of the halo's mass when using spherical Jeans equation modeling.

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