Francesco V. Pepe, Giuliano Scarcelli, Augusto Garuccio, Milena D'Angelo
Plenoptic imaging is a promising optical modality that simultaneously captures the location and the propagation direction of light in order to enable tridimensional imaging in a single shot. We demonstrate that it is possible to implement plenoptic imaging through second-order correlations of chaotic light, thus enabling to overcome the typical limitations of classical plenoptic devices.
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We propose a novel method to perform plenoptic imaging at the diffraction limit by measuring second-order correlations of light between two reference planes, arbitrarily chosen, within the tridimensional scene of interest. We show that for both chaotic light and entangled-photon illumination, the protocol enables to change the focused planes, in post-processing, and to achieve an unprecedented combination of image resolution and depth of field. In particular, the depth of field results larger by a factor 3 with respect to previous correlation plenoptic imaging protocols, and by an order of mag…
Plenoptic imaging is a promising optical modality that simultaneously captures the location and the propagation direction of light in order to enable three-dimensional imaging in a single shot. However, in classical imaging systems, the maximum spatial and angular resolutions are fundamentally linked; thereby, the maximum achievable depth of field is inversely proportional to the spatial resolution. We propose to take advantage of the second-order correlation properties of light to overcome this fundamental limitation. In this paper, we demonstrate that the momentum/position correlation of cha…
Plenoptic imaging is a novel optical technique for three-dimensional imaging in a single shot. It is enabled by the simultaneous measurement of both the location and the propagation direction of light in a given scene. In the standard approach, the maximum spatial and angular resolutions are inversely proportional, and so are the resolution and the maximum achievable depth of focus of the 3D image. We have recently proposed a method to overcome such fundamental limits by combining plenoptic imaging with an intriguing correlation remote-imaging technique: ghost imaging. Here, we theoretically d…
Traditional optical imaging faces an unavoidable trade-off between resolution and depth of field (DOF). To increase resolution, high numerical apertures (NA) are needed, but the associated large angular uncertainty results in a limited range of depths that can be put in sharp focus. Plenoptic imaging was introduced a few years ago to remedy this trade off. To this aim, plenoptic imaging reconstructs the path of light rays from the lens to the sensor. However, the improvement offered by standard plenoptic imaging is practical and not fundamental: the increased DOF leads to a proportional reduct…
In a setup illuminated by chaotic light, we consider different schemes that enable to perform imaging by measuring second-order intensity correlations. The most relevant feature of the proposed protocols is the ability to perform plenoptic imaging, namely to reconstruct the geometrical path of light propagating in the system, by imaging both the object and the focusing element. This property allows to encode, in a single data acquisition, both multi-perspective images of the scene and light distribution in different planes between the scene and the focusing element. We unveil the plenoptic pro…
Correlation Plenoptic Imaging (CPI) is a novel imaging technique, that exploits the correlations between the intensity fluctuations of light to perform the typical tasks of plenoptic imaging (namely, refocusing out-of-focus parts of the scene, extending the depth of field, and performing 3D reconstruction), without entailing a loss of spatial resolution. Here, we consider two different CPI schemes based on chaotic light, both employing ghost imaging: the first one to image the object, the second one to image the focusing element. We characterize their noise properties in terms of the signal-to…
Periodic patterns for resolution limit characterization of correlation plenoptic imaging
本文利用周期性测试图案，通过解析方法研究相关光场成像方案的分辨率极限，并与标准成像对比，以深入理解该二阶成像技术的分辨率特性。
Correlation plenoptic imaging (CPI) is a scanning-free diffraction-limited 3D optical imaging technique exploiting the peculiar properties of correlated light sources. CPI has been further extended to samples of interest to microscopy, such as fluorescent or scattering objects, in a modified architecture named correlation light-field microscopy (CLM). Interestingly, experiments have shown that the noise performances of CLM are significantly improved over the original CPI scheme, leading to better images and faster acquisition. In this work, we provide a theoretical foundation to such advantage…
3D correlation imaging for localized phase disturbance mitigation
本文提出一种关联光场成像方法，通过测量二阶时空关联来抑制位于特定距离且缓慢变化的湍流相位扰动，同时避免传统全光成像中的横向分辨率损失。
We review the advancement of the research toward the design and implementation of quantum plenoptic cameras, radically novel 3D imaging devices that exploit both momentum-position entanglement and photon-number correlations to provide the typical refocusing and ultra-fast, scanning-free, 3D imaging capability of plenoptic devices, along with dramatically enhanced performances, unattainable in standard plenoptic cameras: diffraction-limited resolution, large depth of focus, and ultra-low noise. To further increase the volumetric resolution beyond the Rayleigh diffraction limit, and achieve the …
Correlated-photon imaging at 10 volumetric images per second
本文提出一种结合混沌光光子数相关性与SPAD超快传感器阵列的单透镜相关全光成像方案，实现了每秒10个体积图像的采集速度，显著提升了相关光子成像的时间性能并证明其实际应用潜力。
In this study, we explore the theoretical application of entangled multi-mode squeezed light for label-free optical super-resolution imaging. By generating massively entangled multi-mode squeezed light through an array of balanced beam splitters, using a single-mode squeezed light input, we create a multi-mode quantum light state with exceptional entanglement and noise suppression below the shot noise level. This significantly reduces imaging measurement errors compared to classical coherent state light imaging when the same number of photons are used on the imaging sample. We demonstrate how …
Non-degenerate wavelength computational ghost imaging with thermal light source is studied theoretically and experimentally. The acquired computational ghost images are of high quality when the wavelength of computed light is different from the light detected by bucket detector. Compared to the necessary light of short wavelength in previous ghost imaging, the use of longer wavelength light is demonstrated to bring about ghost images with higher spatial resolution, in strong atmospheric turbulence.
Multiphoton ghost imaging with classical light
一个可能的类型的n阶鬼成像实验上进行使用多光子（高阶）强度相关的赝热光。结果表明，虽然增加强度相关的顺序导致的鬼成像可见度的增长，它在同一时间降低了信噪比。因此，利用热光的重影成像在强度的二阶中是最佳的。
Correlated two-photon imaging with true thermal light
我们报告的第一个实验演示的双光子相关成像与真正的热光从空心阴极灯。该光源的相干时间比以前使用激光随机散射光的实验要短得多。以双针孔掩模为研究对象，得到了满足相应的薄透镜方程。由于热光源比纠缠光更容易获得和测量，因此可以想象它们可以用于特殊的成像应用。
We present squeezed light that is robust against spatial mode mismatch (beam displacement, tilt, and beam-size difference), which is generated from a self-imaging optical parametric oscillator below the threshold. We investigate the quantum properties of the generated light when the oscillator is detuned from the ideal self-imaging condition for stable operation. We find that the generated light is more robust to mode mismatch than single-mode squeezed light having the same squeezing level, and it even outperforms the single-mode infinitely squeezed light as the strength of mode mismatch incre…
Systematic analysis of SNR in bipartite Ghost Imaging with classical and quantum light
我们提出了一个完整的和详尽的理论，在二分鬼成像与经典（热）和量子（双光束）光的信号噪声比。理论与实验进行了比较，为双光束和热光在一定的制度的利益。
Sub-wavelength Coherent Imaging of a Pure-Phase Object with Thermal Light
本文首次报道了用热光观察纯相位物体的亚波长相干像，它代表了一种精确的傅里叶变换。我们证明了鬼影成像方案（GI）检索对象的振幅透射率知识，而不是像HBT型成像方案那样的透射强度。
A theoretical scheme of thermal-light ghost imaging by $N$th-order intensity correlation
本文提出了一种基于$N$阶相关热光的鬼像成像理论方案。我们得到高斯薄透镜方程的鬼成像协议。我们表明，它是可能的产生$N-1$鬼图像的对象在不同的地方在一个非本地的方式通过一个高阶相关的成像过程与$N$第阶相关的热源和相关测量。我们研究了该方案中鬼像的可见性，得到了$N$阶相关热光鬼像可见性的上界。研究发现，当相关阶数变大时，鬼像的可见性可以显著增强。
Two-photon "ghost" imaging with thermal light
我们报告的第一个实验演示的双光子成像与伪热源。类似于纠缠态的情况，观察到双光子高斯薄透镜方程，表明EPR型位置关联。介绍了双光子相干成像和双光子非相干成像的概念。用这些概念解释了纠缠态和热态的区别。
Non-local point-to-point correlations between two photons have been used to produce "ghost" images without placing the camera towards the object. Here we theoretically demonstrated and analyzed the advantage of non-Gaussian quantum light in improving the image quality of ghost imaging system over traditional Gaussian light source. For any squeezing degree, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ghost image can be enhanced by the non-Gaussian operations of photon addition and subtraction on the two-mode squeezed light source. We find striking evidence that using non-Gaussian coherent operations…
Lensless Fourier-Transform Ghost Imaging with Classical Incoherent Light
采用一种新的无透镜方案，用经典非相干光在菲涅耳距离上对纯振幅物体和纯相位物体进行了傅里叶变换鬼像实验研究。实验结果与相应物体的标准傅里叶变换结果吻合较好。该方案提供了一种新的途径，无像差衍射限制的3D图像与经典的非相干热光，它没有分辨率和景深的限制，基于透镜的层析成像系统。
We propose a experimental scenario of edge enhancement ghost imaging of phase objects with nonlocal orbital angular momentum (OAM) phase filters. Spatially incoherent thermal light is separated into two daughter beams, the test and reference beams, in which the detected objects and phase filters are symmetrically placed,respectively. The results of simulation experiment prove that the edge enhanced ghost images of phase objects can be achieved through the second-order light field intensity correlation measurement owing to the OAM correlation characteristics. Further simulation results demonstr…
Lensless ghost imaging with true thermal light
我们报告的第一个（据我们所知）实验演示无透镜鬼成像与真正的热光。虽然没有放大，但该方法适用于所有波长，因此在不可能使用透镜的情况下，例如X射线或伽马射线，可以找到特殊的应用。我们还数值表明，一些放大可能会实现远离焦平面，但图像总是有点模糊。
The production of pairs of entangled photons simply by focusing a laser beam onto a crystal with a non-linear optical response was used to test quantum mechanics and to open new approaches in imaging. The development of the latter was enabled by the emergence of single photon sensitive cameras able to characterize spatial correlations and high-dimensional entanglement. Thereby new techniques emerged such as the ghost imaging of objects - where the quantum correlations between photons reveal the image from photons that have never interacted with the object - or the imaging with undetected photo…
Arbitrary-order lensless ghost imaging with thermal light
通过只记录两个光路中的强度，首次实现了任意N阶（$N\geq2$）热光无透镜鬼像成像。结果表明，随着阶数N的增加，图像的可见度可以显著提高。还发现随着N的增加，高阶相关测量需要更长的积分时间，这是由于高阶强度关联函数的波动增加。
Imaging in scattering media via the second-order correlation of light field
双光子相干成像是一种利用双光子干涉对物体进行成像的方法，涉及到在遥远的时空点上联合探测两个光子。首次证明了在散射介质中，利用照明光场的二阶相关性仍能获得高质量的图像。从理论和实验两方面分析了散射对图像可见度的影响。最后，讨论了在散射介质中进一步提高图像可见性的方法和应用前景。
Coherent imaging of a pure phase object with classical incoherent light
利用鬼像技术，我们在实验上演示了利用分束器上分离的非相干热光的经典相关性再现{ \em纯相位}物体的衍射图样。结果再次强调纠缠不是鬼成像的必要特征。我们使用的光在空间上相对于物体是高度不相干的（$\approx 2 μ$ m散斑大小），并且由依赖于近场散射原理的伪热源产生。我们表明，在这些条件下，没有信息的相位对象可以检索只测量通过它的光，既不是在直接测量，也不是在Hanbury布朗Twiss（HBT）计划。在一般情况下，我们表现出显着的互补性之间的鬼成像和HBT计划时，处理一个相位对象。
Non-classical correlations in optical beams offer the unprecedented opportunity of surpassing conventional limits of sensitivity and resolution in optical measurements and imaging, especially but not only, when a low photon flux down to the single photons are measured. We review the principles of quantum imaging and sensing techniques which exploit sub-Poissonian photon statistics and non-classical photon number correlation, presenting some state-of-the-art achievements in the field. These quantum photonics protocols have the potential to trigger major steps in many applications, such as micro…
Light Field Ghost Imaging
提出并实验验证了 Light Field Ghost Imaging 技术，利用光相关性与光场成像原理，克服了传统鬼成像在目标位置未知场景下的局限，无需先验距离即可实现后处理重聚焦与 3D 成像。
High visibility temporal ghost imaging with classical light is possible when superbunching pseudothermal light is employed. In the numerical simulation, the visibility of temporal ghost imaging with pseudothermal light equaling ($4.7\pm 0.2$)\% can be increased to ($75\pm 8$)\% in the same scheme with superbunching pseudothermal light. The reasons for the difference in visibility and quality of the retrieved images in different situations are discussed in detail. It is concluded that high visibility and high quality temporal ghost image can be obtained by collecting large enough number of data…
On the use of superthermal light for imaging applications
本文分析两种超热光态在鬼成像中的优劣，发现其对比度更高但信噪比与热光相同，表明超热光在成像中优势有限。
Toward third order ghost imaging with thermal light
最近有人提出，可以利用高阶相关性来实现利用热光获得的鬼像的可见性的增强[3]。本文报道了在INRIM实验室利用伪热源和CCD相机进行的高阶鬼成像实验的状态。
Robustness of chaotic-light correlation imaging against turbulence
该研究提出可同时实现关联成像与一阶强度成像的方案，对比发现强湍流下关联成像更具优势，且湍流主导图像分辨率时该优势更突出。
We experimentally demonstrate an imaging technique based on quantum noise modification after interaction with an opaque object. By using a homodyne-like detection scheme, we eliminate the detrimental effect of the camera's dark noise, making this approach particularly attractive for imaging scenarios that require weak illumination. Here, we reconstruct the image of an object illuminated with a squeezed vacuum using a total of 800 photons, utilizing less than one photon per frame on average.
Normalized Ghost Imaging
我们提出了不同的迭代鬼成像算法之间的实验比较。我们的实验装置利用空间光调制器产生已知的随机光场来照亮部分透射物体。我们适应的加权因子中使用的传统的鬼成像算法，以占所产生的光场的效率的变化。我们表明，我们的归一化加权算法可以匹配差分鬼成像的性能。
Quantum imaging of spin states in optical lattices
我们利用非共振光散射研究了光晶格中原子自旋空间分布的成像。我们演示了如何从原子散射空间相关的光可以导致自旋态图像与增强的空间分辨率。此外，我们展示了如何使用空间相关的光可以导致直接测量的原子自旋分布的空间相关性。
Multiphoton Quantum Imaging using Natural Light
本文提出利用自然热光源并结合光子数条件探测，从散射热光场中提取量子特征，实现信噪比和对比度指数级增强的量子成像，甚至可从真空涨落中成像，为量子成像开辟新范式。
Slow-light media are of interest in the context of quantum computing and enhanced measurement of quantum effects, with particular emphasis on using slow-light with single photons. We use light-in-flight imaging with a single photon avalanche diode camera-array to image in situ pulse propagation through a slow light medium consisting of heated rubidium vapour. Light-in-flight imaging of slow light propagation enables direct visualisation of a series of physical effects including simultaneous observation of spatial pulse compression and temporal pulse dispersion. Additionally, the single-photon …
Plenty of quantum information protocols are enabled by manipulation and detection of photonic spectro-temporal degrees of freedom via light-matter interfaces. While present implementations are well suited for high-bandwidth photon sources such as quantum dots, they lack the high resolution required for intrinsically narrow-band light-atom interactions. Here, we demonstrate far-field temporal imaging based on ac-Stark spatial spin-wave phase manipulation in a multimode gradient echo memory. We achieve spectral resolution of 20 kHz with MHz-level bandwidth and ultra-low noise equivalent to 0.023…
Imaging electronic quantum motion with light
不仅在实时，而且在真实空间中对电子的量子运动进行成像对于理解例如分子中的键断裂和形成以及肽和生物系统中的电荷迁移是必不可少的。时间分辨成像询问在这样的系统中展开的电子运动。我们发现，散射图案，从电子波包的X射线时间分辨成像，编码的空间和时间的相关性，大大偏离了常见的概念的瞬时电子密度的关键量被探测。令人惊讶的是，这些图案提供了光的量子性质的异常视觉表现。这种量子性质仅对非稳态电子态起核心作用，并对时间分辨成像产生深远影响。
Nature of light correlations in ghost imaging
我们研究了高斯光源用于鬼成像的相关性的性质。我们采用量子信息理论的方法来区分真正的量子关联和经典关联。结合一个有效的粗粒度描述的光束的斑点斑点相关性的微观分析，我们表明，量子相关性存在，即使在“经典”的热光源，并出现相关的实施鬼成像在低照度的制度。我们进一步证明，在热源光束的总相关性有效地确定成像的质量，量化的信噪比。
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