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arXiv 1703.06207cs.AI
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与机器合作

Cooperating with Machines

Brigham Young University(杨百翰大学);Masdar Institute of Science and Technology(马斯达尔科学与技术学院);British University in Dubai(迪拜英国大学);University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学);Toulouse School of Economics(图卢兹经济学院);Center for Research in Management(管理研究中心);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique(法国国家科学研究中心);Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse(图卢兹高等研究院);University of Toulouse Capitole(图卢兹第一大学);Data61(数据61);Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织);University of California, Irvine(加州大学欧文分校);The Media Lab(媒体实验室);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院)

Jacob W. Crandall, Mayada Oudah, Tennom, Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko, Sherief Abdallah, Jean-François Bonnefon, Manuel Cebrian, Azim Shariff, Michael A. Goodrich, Iyad Rahwan

摘要:

自从艾伦·图灵(Alan Turing)设想人工智能(AI)以来,技术进步的主要驱动力一直是与人类认知的竞争。历史上的里程碑经常与计算机在困难的认知任务中匹配或优于人类(例如面部识别[2],个性分类[3],驾驶汽车[4]或玩视频游戏[5]),或在战略零和遭遇中击败人类(例如国际象棋[6],机器人[7],Jeopardy![8]、扑克牌[9]或围棋[10])。相比之下,较少关注开发自主机器,与可能不分享机器偏好的人建立相互合作关系。一个主要的挑战是,人类的合作并不需要纯粹的计算能力,而是依赖于直觉[11],文化规范[12],情感和信号[13,14,15,16],以及预先进化的合作倾向[17],这些常识机制很难在机器中编码用于任意上下文。在这里,我们将最先进的机器学习算法与用于生成和作用于信号的新机制相结合,以产生一种新的学习算法,该算法与人和其他机器在各种两人重复随机游戏中的人类合作水平上进行合作。这是第一个通用算法,它能够在描述以前看不见的游戏环境的情况下,在算法设计者以前没有预料到的情况下,在短时间内学习与人合作。这是在没有复杂的对手建模或高阶心理理论的情况下实现的,从而表明灵活、快速和一般的人机合作是可以使用一组非平凡但最终简单的算法机制在计算上实现的。

英文摘要:

Since Alan Turing envisioned Artificial Intelligence (AI) [1], a major driving force behind technical progress has been competition with human cognition. Historical milestones have been frequently associated with computers matching or outperforming humans in difficult cognitive tasks (e.g. face recognition [2], personality classification [3], driving cars [4], or playing video games [5]), or defeating humans in strategic zero-sum encounters (e.g. Chess [6], Checkers [7], Jeopardy! [8], Poker [9], or Go [10]). In contrast, less attention has been given to developing autonomous machines that establish mutually cooperative relationships with people who may not share the machine's preferences. A main challenge has been that human cooperation does not require sheer computational power, but rather relies on intuition [11], cultural norms [12], emotions and signals [13, 14, 15, 16], and pre-evolved dispositions toward cooperation [17], common-sense mechanisms that are difficult to encode in machines for arbitrary contexts. Here, we combine a state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithm with novel mechanisms for generating and acting on signals to produce a new learning algorithm that cooperates with people and other machines at levels that rival human cooperation in a variety of two-player repeated stochastic games. This is the first general-purpose algorithm that is capable, given a description of a previously unseen game environment, of learning to cooperate with people within short timescales in scenarios previously unanticipated by algorithm designers. This is achieved without complex opponent modeling or higher-order theories of mind, thus showing that flexible, fast, and general human-machine cooperation is computationally achievable using a non-trivial, but ultimately simple, set of algorithmic mechanisms.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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