关于连接收费的效率-第II部分：分布式能源的整合
On the Efficiency of Connection Charges---Part II: Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
摘要：
这两部分的文件解决了分布式能源（DER）的分销系统的零售电价的设计。第一部分提出了一个框架，以优化一个受管制的垄断零售商谁面临随机批发价格一方面和随机需求的其他事前两部分的关税。在第二部分中，DERs的整合是通过分析其对最优两部制关税的内生影响和由此产生的福利收益来解决的。两个DER集成模型被认为是：（i）一个分散的模型，涉及背后的米DER在净计量设置，和（ii）一个集中的模型，涉及DER集成的零售商。结果表明，在两种模式下，DERs的整合可以实现相同的社会福利和净计量电价结构是最优的。两种整合模式下的零售价相等，反映预期批发价。连接费用各不相同，并受到零售商的固定成本以及批发价格和电表后DER之间的统计依赖性的影响。特别是，分散模式的连接费用通常高于集中模式。实证分析估计DER的福利分配和类间交叉补贴的影响，使用真实的价格和需求数据和模拟。分析表明，在现行的零售定价和净计量下，消费者福利随着DER集成水平的降低而降低。交叉补贴和分散一体化的实际缺点的问题也进行了讨论。
英文摘要：
This two-part paper addresses the design of retail electricity tariffs for distribution systems with distributed energy resources (DERs). Part I presents a framework to optimize an ex-ante two-part tariff for a regulated monopolistic retailer who faces stochastic wholesale prices on the one hand and stochastic demand on the other. In Part II, the integration of DERs is addressed by analyzing their endogenous effect on the optimal two-part tariff and the induced welfare gains. Two DER integration models are considered: (i) a decentralized model involving behind-the-meter DERs in a net metering setting, and (ii) a centralized model involving DERs integrated by the retailer. It is shown that DERs integrated under either model can achieve the same social welfare and the net-metering tariff structure is optimal. The retail prices under both integration models are equal and reflect the expected wholesale prices. The connection charges differ and are affected by the retailer's fixed costs as well as the statistical dependencies between wholesale prices and behind-the-meter DERs. In particular, the connection charge of the decentralized model is generally higher than that of the centralized model. An empirical analysis is presented to estimate the impact of DER on welfare distribution and inter-class cross-subsidies using real price and demand data and simulations. The analysis shows that, with the prevailing retail pricing and net-metering, consumer welfare decreases with the level of DER integration. Issues of cross-subsidy and practical drawbacks of decentralized integration are also discussed.
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