墙壁的热负荷：热传导方法
Heat loads to the wall: the thermal conduction approach
摘要：
计算等离子体携带到磁聚变机壁的热通量时，通常假设功率仅沿场线流动，但这通常是不正确的。相反，我们把等离子体作为各向异性的非线性导热介质。如果平行和交叉场传输至少部分由温度梯度驱动，则该模型是物理相关的，这意味着它们受到材料表面接近度的影响。如前所述，该模型在偏滤器靶上产生了熟悉的不对称功率分布，并在尖锐边缘产生了发散的热通量。落在与场平行的墙上的功率（在传统模型中为零）是落在目标上的功率的很大一部分。在刮除层（SOL）的通量分布强烈偏离指数，因为平行的热传导是非常大的分界线附近，给出了一个更陡峭的下降，在该区域。当壁的一部分以掠射角突出到SOL中时，撞击倾斜表面的功率是通过积分在没有倾斜表面的情况下计算的平行热通量得出的值的几倍。我们还计算了第一个壁组件在壁的其他部分上的阴影效应随距离而下降的程度--这甚至不能用场线跟踪技术来估计。
英文摘要：
Calculations of the heat flux carried by plasma to the wall of a magnetic fusion machine often assume that power flows only along the field lines, but this cannot be true in general. Instead, we treat the plasma as an anisotropic non-linear thermally conducting medium. The model is physically relevant if parallel and cross-field transport are driven at least in part by temperature gradients, which means they are affected by the proximity of material surfaces. The model generates a familiar asymmetrical power distribution on the divertor target, and divergent heat flux on sharp edges, as described previously. The power landing on a wall that is parallel to the field (identically zero in the conventional model) is a substantial fraction of that landing on the target. The flux profile across the scrape-off layer (SOL) deviates strongly from an exponential, because the parallel heat conduction is very large near the separatrix, giving a much steeper fall-off in that region. When a portion of the wall protrudes into the SOL at a grazing angle, the power striking the inclined surface is several times the value derived by integrating the parallel heat flux calculated in the absence of the inclined surface. We have also calculated the degree to which the shadowing effect of a first wall component on other parts of the wall falls off with distance - something that cannot even be estimated using the field-line following technique.
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