In this article, we considered the bulk viscous fluid in the formalism of modified gravity in which the general form of a gravitational action is $f(R, T)$ function, where $R$ is the curvature scalar and $T$ is the trace of the energy momentum tensor within the frame of flat FRW space time. The cosmological model dominated by bulk viscous matter with total bulk viscous coefficient expressed as a linear combination of the velocity and acceleration of the expansion of the universe in such a way that $ξ=ξ_0+ξ_1\frac{\dot{a}}{a}+ξ_2\frac{\ddot{a}}{\dot{a}}$, where $ξ_0$, $ξ_1$ and $ξ_2$ are constants. We take $p=(γ-1)ρ$, where $0\leγ\le2$ as an equation of state for perfect fluid. The exact solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained by assuming a particular model of the form of $f(R, T)=R+2f(T)$, where $f(T)=λT$, $λ$ is constant. We studied the four possible scenarios for different values of $γ$, such as $γ=0$, $γ=\frac{2}{3}$, $γ=1$ and $γ=\frac{4}{3}$ with the possible positive and negative ranges of $λ$ to observe the accelerated expansion history of the universe. Finally, a big-rip singularity is observed.
Rotating and twisting locally rotationally symmetric imperfect fluids in general relativity admit a much larger set of solutions than the self-similar ones recently suggested in the literature. Explicit forms of the metrics are given and the self-similar sub-cases are discussed.
The Brans-Dicke-like field of scalar-tensor gravity can be described as an imperfect fluid in an approach in which the field equations are regarded as effective Einstein equations. After completing this approach we recover, as a special case, the known effective fluid for a scalar coupled nonminimally to the Ricci curvature and we describe the imperfect fluid equivalent of f(R) gravity. A symmetry of electrovacuum Brans-Dicke gravity is translated into a symmetry of the corresponding effective fluid. The discussion is valid for any spacetime geometry.
When solving the equations of General Relativity in a symmetric sector, it is natural to consider the same symmetry for the geometry and stress-energy. This implies that for static and isotropic spacetimes, the most general natural stress-energy tensor is a sum of a perfect fluid and a radial imperfect fluid component. In the special situations where the perfect fluid component vanishes or is a spacetime constant, the solutions to Einstein's equations can be thought of as modified Schwarzschild and Schwarzschild-de Sitter spaces. Exact solutions of this type are derived and it is shown that wh…
So far all known singularity-free cosmological models are cylindrically symmetric. Here we present a new family of spherically symmetric non-singular models filled with imperfect fluid and radial heat flow, and satisfying the weak and strong energy conditions. For large $t$ anisotropy in pressure and heat flux tend to vanish leading to a perfect fluid. There is a free function of time in the model, which can be suitably chosen for non-singular behaviour and there exist multiplicity of such choices.
We revisit the issue of the fluid description of minimally coupled scalar fields. While in a cosmological setup the interpretation of a time-evolving scalar field as a perfect fluid is well-understood, the situation is more intricate when the scalar field is static, but has a spatial gradient, a situation motivated by black hole perturbations in scalar-tensor theories. Then the scalar field is interpreted as either a particular imperfect fluid of type I or a superposition of a pair of leftgoing (incoming) and rightgoing (outgoing) null dusts with a perfect fluid. Finally, when the scalar gradi…
We study five dimensional cosmological models with four dimensional hypersufaces of the Bianchi type I and V. In this way the five dimensional vacuum field equations $\rm G_{AB} = 0$, led us to four dimensional matter equations $\rm G_{μν}=T_{μν}$ and the matter is interpreted as a purely geometrical property of a fifth dimension. Also, we find that the energy-momentum tensor induced from the fifth dimension has the structure of an imperfect fluid that has dissipative terms.
An inhomogeneous fluid in accelerated motion is investigated. When the velocity field $v(x)$ is not constant, the geometry viewed by a static observer is curved, as if the observer were immersed in a gravitational field. A velocity-dependent semiclassical gravitational potential is introduced, which obeys an Yukawa-type equation, written in Cartesian coordinates. The timelike and null geodesic equations are investigated. One finds that the fluid has zero energy density corresponding to the perfect fluid part but nonzero anisotropic energy density. The pressures will no longer depend on $\hbar$…
The first-order general relativistic theory of a generic dissipative (heat-conducting, viscous, particle-creating) fluid is rediscussed from a unified covariant frame-independent point of view. By generalizing some previous works in the literature, we derive a formula for the temperature variation rate, which is valid both in Eckart's (particle) and in the Landau-Lifshitz (energy) frames. Particular attention is paid to the case of gravitational particle creation and its possible cross-effect with the bulk viscosity mechanism.
We investigate how various inflationary and bouncing cosmologies can be realized by imperfect fluids with a generalized equation of state, in the context of both classical and loop quantum cosmology. With regards to the inflationary cosmologies, we study the intermediate inflation scenario, the $R^2$ inflation scenario and two constant-roll inflation scenarios and with regards to the bouncing cosmologies we study the matter bounce scenario, the singular bounce and the super bounce scenario. Within the context of the classical cosmology, we calculate the spectral index of the power spectrum of …
We study the evolution of an anisotropic shear-free fluid with heat flux and kinematic self-similarity of the second kind. We found a class of solution to the Einstein field equations by assuming that the part of the tangential pressure which is explicitly time dependent of the fluid is zero and that the fluid moves along time-like geodesics. The energy conditions, geometrical and physical properties of the solutions are studied. The energy conditions are all satisfied at the beginning of the collapse but when the system approaches the singularity the energy conditions are violated, allowing f…
We derive a shortcut stationary metric formula for generating imperfect fluid rotating solutions, in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, from spherically symmetric static ones. We explore the properties of the curvature scalar and stress-energy tensor for all types of rotating regular solutions we can generate without restricting ourselves to specific examples of regular solutions (regular black holes or wormholes). We show through examples how it is generally possible to generate an imperfect fluid regular rotating solution via radial coordinate transformations. We derive rotating wormholes that are…
Extensions of Einstein's General Relativity (GR) can formally be given a GR structure in which additional geometric degrees of freedom are mapped on an effective energy-momentum tensor. The corresponding effective cosmic medium can then be modeled as an imperfect fluid within GR. The imperfect fluid structure allows us to include, on a phenomenological basis, anisotropic stresses and energy fluxes which are considered as potential signatures for deviations from the cosmological standard $Λ$-cold-dark-matter ($Λ$CDM) model. As an example, we consider the dynamics of a scalar-tensor extension of…
In this paper we show that an equivalence between Horndeski and beyond Horndeski theories and general relativity with an effective imperfect fluid can be formally established. The formal equivalence is discussed for several particular cases of interest. Working in the cosmological framework, it is shown that, while the effective stress-energy tensor of viable Horndeski theories is formally equivalent to that of an imperfect fluid with anisotropic stresses and vanishing heat flux vector, the effective stress-energy tensor of beyond Horndeski theories is equivalent to the one of a perfect fluid …
We consider Bianchi VI spacetime, which also can be reduced to Bianchi types VI0-V-III-I. We initially consider the most general form of the energy-momentum tensor which yields anisotropic stress and heat flow. We then derive an energy-momentum tensor that couples with the spatial curvature in a way so as to cancel out the terms that arise due to the spatial curvature in the evolution equations of the Einstein field equations. We obtain exact solutions for the universes indefinetly expanding with constant mean deceleration parameter. The solutions are beriefly discussed for each Bianchi type. …
A static, spherically symmetric spacetime with negative pressures is conjectured inside a star. The gravitational field is repulsive and so a central singularity is avoided. The positive energy density and the pressures of the imperfect fluid are finite everywhere. The Tolman-Komar energy of the space is negative, as for a de Sitter geometry. From the Darmois-Israel junction conditions on the star surface one finds the constant length $b$ from the metric and the expression of the surface tension $σ$ of the thin shell separating the interior from the Schwarzschild exterior. Some properties of t…
A generalized equation of state corresponding to a model that includes a Chaplygin gas and a viscous term is investigated, in the context of the reconstruction program in scalar field cosmology. The corresponding inflationary model parameters can be conveniently adjusted in order to reproduce the most recent PLANCK data. The influence of the Chaplygin gas term contribution, in relation with previous models, is discussed. Exit from inflation is shown to occur quite naturally in the new model.
We analyze how to parametrize general modifications of the dark matter perturbations equations in a model-independent way. We prove that a general model with an imperfect and non-conserved dark matter fluid with bulk and shear viscosities and heat flux in a modified gravity scenario can be described with five general functions of time and scale. We focus on the sub-Hubble regime within the quasi-static approximation and calculate the observable power spectra of the galaxy distribution, galaxy velocities and weak lensing and find that these observables are only sensitive to three combinations o…
We construct a cosmological toy model based on a Finslerian structure of space-time. In particular, we are interested in a specific Finslerian Lorentz violating theory based on a curved version of Cohen and Glashow's Very Special Relativity. The osculation of a Finslerian manifold to a Riemannian leads to the limit of Relativistic Cosmology, for a specified observer. A modified flat FRW cosmology is produced. The analogue of a zero energy particle unfolds some special properties of the dynamics. The kinematical equations of motion are affected by local anisotropies. Seeds of Lorentz Violations…
This paper tries to obtain a simple picture of several aspects of the mode structure in relativistic non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Its pedagogical focus is on the relation between long-wavelength perturbation modes of the causal Müller-Israel-Stewart (MIS) theory and those of the traditional Eckart theory. Principally, this issue was clarified in a series of papers by Hiscock and Lindblom (see [8-10]). Here, I put together some essential features which do not require the entire formalism of the complete theory.
We present a new prescription for analysing cosmological perturbations in a more-general class of scalar-field dark-energy models where the energy-momentum tensor has an imperfect-fluid form. This class includes Brans-Dicke models, f(R) gravity, theories with kinetic gravity braiding and generalised galileons. We employ the intuitive language of fluids, allowing us to explicitly maintain a dependence on physical and potentially measurable properties. We demonstrate that hydrodynamics is not always a valid description for describing cosmological perturbations in general scalar-field theories an…
We present a standard hydrodynamical description for non-canonical scalar field theories with kinetic gravity braiding. In particular, this picture applies to the simplest galileons and k-essence. The fluid variables not only have a clear physical meaning but also drastically simplify the analysis of the system. The fluid carries charges corresponding to shifts in field space. This shift-charge current contains a spatial part responsible for diffusion of the charges. Moreover, in the incompressible limit, the equation of motion becomes the standard diffusion equation. The fluid is indeed imper…
An energy-momentum tensor for general relativistic spinning fluids compatible with Tulczyjew-type supplementary condition is derived from the variation of a general Lagrangian with unspecified explicit form. This tensor is the sum of a term containing the Belinfante-Rosenfeld tensor and a modified perfect-fluid energy-momentum tensor in which the four-velocity is replaced by a unit four-vector in the direction of fluid momentum. The equations of motion are obtained and it is shown that they admit a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time as a solution.
In this letter, we have considered a model of the universe filled with modified Chaplygin gas and another fluid (with barotropic equation of state) and its role in accelerating phase of the universe. We have assumed that the mixture of these two fluid models is valid from (i) the radiation era to $Λ$CDM for $-1\leγ\le 1$ and (ii) the radiation era to quiessence model for $γ<-1$. For these two fluid models, the statefinder parameters describe different phase of the evolution of the universe.
We study effects of cosmic fluids on finite-time future singularities in modified $f(R,G)$-gravity, where $R$ and $G$ are the Ricci scalar and the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, respectively. We consider the fluid equation of state in the general form, $ω=ω(ρ)$, and we suppose the existence of a bulk viscosity. We investigate quintessence region ($ω>-1$) and phantom region ($ω<-1$) and the possibility to change or avoid the singularities in $f(R,G)$-gravity. Finally, we study the inclusion of quantum effects in large curvatures regime.
We discuss initial conditions for the recently proposed Imperfect Dark Matter (Modified Dust). We show that they are adiabatic under fairly moderate assumptions about the cosmological evolution of the Universe at the relevant times.
Singularities in the dark energy late universe are discussed, under the assumption that the Lagrangian contains the Einstein term R plus a modified gravity term R^α, where αis a constant. The 4D fluid is taken to be viscous and composed of two components, one Einstein component where the bulk viscosity is proportional to the scalar expansion θ, and another modified component where the bulk viscosity is proportional to the power θ^{2α-1}. Under these conditions it is known from earlier that the bulk viscosity can drive the fluid from the quintessence region (w > -1) into the phantom region (w<-…
The main purpose of this paper is to investigates structure scalars in the context of $f(\mathcal{G}, T)$ gravity, where $\mathcal{G}$ is the Gauss-Bonnet invariant and $T$ is the trace of stress energy tensor. For this aim, we have considered the spherically symmetric spacetime and dissipative anisotropic fluid coupled with radiation and heat ejecting shearing matter distributions. We have found these scalar variables by orthogonally decomposing the Riemann curvature tensor in $f(\mathcal{G}, T)$ gravity. Moreover, the evolution equations of shear and expansion are also developed with the hel…
We consider relativistic fluid flow under Chern-Simons modified Maxwell theory and under Chern-Simons modified gravity theory. We take account of the effects of Chern-Simons corrections on the quantities of fluid flow that are conserved without the Chern-Simons corrections. We find that the conservations of several quantities are generally broken by the Chern-Simons corrections.
This paper explores the possibility of treating the exotic Chaplygin-gas (CG) fluid model as some manifestation of an $f(T)$ gravitation. To this end, we use the different cosmological CG equations of state, compare them with the equation of state for the modified teleparallel gravity and reconstruct the corresponding Lagrangian densities. We then explicitly derive the equation of state parameter of the torsion fluid $w_T$ and study its evolution for vacuum-torsion, radiation-torsion, dust-torsion, stiff fluid torsion, and radiation-dust-torsion multi-fluid systems. The obtained Lagrangians ha…
The spacetimes for Vaidya's radiating stellar exterior and Kinnersley's photon rocket in a cosmological background are obtained by performing the same conformal transformation as is used to obtain the Robertson-Walker metric from Minkowski spacetime. In the case of the cosmological radiating stellar exterior, a two-fluid solution is found that obeys all of the energy conditions and consists of a null fluid and a perfect fluid that asymptotically falls off to the standard cosmological values for pressure and density at infinite radius. For the cosmological photon rocket, the massless case is fi…
In this paper, we will examine the problem of violation of causality in $f(R,T)$ modified gravity, where $R$ is the Ricci scalar and $T$ is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor $T_{μν}$. We investigate the causality problem in two special cases, in the first we consider the matter content of the universe as a perfect fluid and in the second case, the matter content is a perfect fluid plus a scalar field.
We revisit the issue of the correct Lagrangian description of a perfect fluid (pressure versus minus energy density) in relation with modified gravity theories in which galactic luminous matter couples nonminimally to the Ricci scalar. These Lagrangians are only equivalent when the fluid couples minimally to gravity and not otherwise; in the presence of nonminimal coupling they give rise to two distinct theories with different predictions.
We consider the modified $f(R)$ theory of gravity whose higher order curvature terms are interpreted as a gravitational fluid or dark source. The gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric star, made up of locally anisotropic viscous fluid, is studied under the general influence of the curvature fluid. Dynamical equations and junction conditions are modified in the context of f(R) dark energy and by taking into account the expansionfree evolution of the self-gravitating fluid. As a particular example, the Skripkin model is investigated which corresponds to isotropic pressure with consta…
In this paper, we investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics of the universe bounded by the event horizon. Here we consider homogeneous and isotropic model of the universe filled with perfect fluid in one case and in another case holographic model of the universe has been considered. In the third case the matter in the universe is taken in the form of non-interacting two fluid system as holographic dark energy and dust. Here we study the above cases in the Modified gravity, f(R) gravity.
If one assumes a particular form of non-minimal coupling, called the conformal coupling, of a perfect fluid with gravity in the fluid-gravity Lagrangian then one gets modified Einstein field equation. In the modified Einstein equation, the effect of the non-minimal coupling does not vanish if one works with spacetimes for which the Ricci scalar vanishes. In the present work we use the Schwarzschild metric in the modified Einstein equation, in presence of non-minimal coupling with a fluid, and find out the energy-density and pressure of the fluid. In the present case the perfect fluid is part o…
Combining the equivalence between cosmological particle creation and an effective viscous fluid pressure with the fact that the latter represents a dynamical degree of freedom within the second-order Israel-Stewart theory for imperfect fluids, we reconsider the possibility of accelerated expansion in fluid cosmology. We find an inherent self-limitation for the magnitude of an effective bulk pressure which is due to adiabatic (isentropic) particle production. For a production rate which depends quadratically on the Hubble rate we confirm the existence of solutions which describe a smooth transi…
Wormholes (WHs) are considered as hypothetical shortcuts or tunnels in spacetime. In general relativity (GR), the fundamental ingredient of WH geometry is the presence of exotic matter at the throat, which is responsible for the violation of null energy condition (NEC). However, the modified gravity theories has shown to be able to provide WH solutions satisfying energy conditions (ECs). In this paper, we study the static spherically symmetric WH solutions in modified $f(R,T)$ gravity for a phantom fluid case. The exact solutions of this model are obtained through the equation of state (EoS), …
In this paper, we examine the thermodynamic features of an exotic fluid known as modified cosmic Chaplygin gas in the context of homogeneous isotropic universe model. For this purpose, the behavior of physical parameters are discussed that help to analyze nature of the universe. Using specific heat formalism, the validity of third law of thermodynamics is checked. Furthermore, with the help of thermodynamic entities, the thermal equation of state is also discussed. The thermodynamic stability is explored by means of adiabatic, specific heat and isothermal conditions from classical thermodynami…
Modified Newtonian potentials have been proposed for the description of relativistic effects acting on particles and fluids in permanent orbital motion around black holes. Here we further discuss spherically symmetric potentials like the one proposed by Artemova, Bjornson & Novikov (1996, Astrophysical Journal, 461, 565), and we illustrate their virtues by studying the acceleration along circular trajectories. We compare the results with exact expressions in the spacetime of a rotating (Kerr) black hole.
First we have assumed the most general static spherically symmetric black hole metric. The accretion of any general kind of fluid flow around the black hole have been investigated. The accretion of fluid flow around the modified Hayward black hole have been analyzed and we then calculated the critical point, fluid 4 velocity and velocity of sound during accretion process. Also the nature of the dynamical mass of black hole during accretion of fluid flow and taking into consideration of Hawking radiation from black hole i.e., evaporation of black hole have been analyzed.
We discuss the $(2+1)$-dimensional parity violating charged fluid on a finite cutoff surface $Σ_c$, dual to the nondynamical and dynamical Chern-Simons (CS) modified gravities. Using nonrelativistic long-wavelength expansion method, the field equations are solved up to $\mathcal{O}(ε^2)$ in the nondynamical model. It is shown that there exists nonvortical dual fluid with shear viscosity $η$ and Hall viscosity $η_A$ on the cutoff surface $Σ_c$. The ratio of shear viscosity over entropy density $η/s$ of the fluid takes the universal value $1/{4π}$, while the ratio of Hall viscosity over entropy …
The present work examines the possibility of warm inflationary paradigm in the modified gravity theory with fractal geometry. By choosing the normal fluid as radiation fluid and the effective fluid (with the extra term in modified field equation) as the inflaton field both strong and weak dissipative regimes have been studied using slow roll approximation with quasi-stable criteria for radiation. Finally, using the Planck data set, the present model has been analyzed for various choices of the fractal function and the dissipation parameter.
The general form of the anisotropy parameter of the expansion for Bianchi type-III metric is obtained in the presence of a single diagonal imperfect fluid with a dynamically anisotropic equation of state parameter and a dynamical energy density in general relativity. A special law is assumed for the anisotropy of the fluid which reduces the anisotropy parameter of the expansion to a simple form. The exact solutions of the Einstein field equations, under the assumption on the anisotropy of the fluid, are obtained for exponential and power-law volumetric expansions. The isotropy of the fluid, sp…
We consider a class of cosmological fluids that possess properties analogous to those of crystalline solids undergoing isotropic deformations. Our research is based on a modified log-corrected power-law equation of state in the presence of a bulk viscosity. This formalism represents a class of so-called logotropic fluids, and allows explaining an accelerating late-time universe. In order to obtain a more detailed picture of its evolution, we add in our model a coupling of the log-corrected power-law fluid to dark matter, and study various interacting forms between them. We solve the system of …
We consider a modified gravity fluid on a Randall-Sundrum II brane situated at y=0, the action containing a power αof the scalar curvature. As is known from 4D spatially flat modified gravity, the presence of a bulk viscosity may drive the cosmic fluid into the phantom region (w < -1) and thereafter inevitably into the Big Rip singularity, even it is initially nonviscous and lies in the quintessence region (w > -1). The condition for this to occur is that the bulk viscosity contains the power (2α-1) of the scalar expansion. We combine this with the 5D RS II model, and find that the Big Rip, oc…
