故障的声音：激励振动模式的被动声学测量
Sounds of Failure: Passive Acoustic Measurements of Excited Vibrational Modes
摘要：
粒状材料可能会因地震或脆性断裂等自发事件而失效。然而，测量和分析模型，预测这类材料的故障，而根本和实际的利益，仍然难以捉摸。包括球体、胶体玻璃和颗粒材料的数值填充在内的材料已经知道随着围压的降低会产生过量的低频振动模式。在这里，我们报告剪切颗粒材料的实验中，我们通过被动监测声发射监测激发模式的不断变化的密度。我们观察到的激发模式的分布与体和局部塑性一致的扩大，和明确的演变之前和之后的分布的形状散装故障。这些结果提供了一个新的解释的变化状态的材料接近粘滑破坏。
英文摘要：
Granular materials can fail through spontaneous events like earthquakes or brittle fracture. However, measurements and analytic models which forecast failure in this class of materials, while of both fundamental and practical interest, remain elusive. Materials including numerical packings of spheres, colloidal glasses, and granular materials have been known to develop an excess of low-frequency vibrational modes as the confining pressure is reduced. Here, we report experiments on sheared granular materials in which we monitor the evolving density of excited modes via passive monitoring of acoustic emissions. We observe a broadening of the distribution of excited modes coincident with both bulk and local plasticity, and clear evolution in the shape of the distribution before and after bulk failure. These results provide a new interpretation of the changing state of the material on its approach to stick-slip failure.
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