In this article, we give a definition of apparent horizon in a two dimensional general dilaton gravity theory. With this definition, we construct the mechanics of the apparent horizon by introducing a quasi-local energy of the theory. Our discussion generalizes the apparent horizons mechanics in general spherically symmetric spactimes in four or higher dimensions to the two dimensional dilaton gravity case.
We study the Hawking radiation in two dimensional dilaton black hole by means of quantum gravity holding near the apparent horizon. First of all, we construct the canonical formalism of the dilaton gravity in two dimensions. Then the Vaidya metric corresponding to the dilaton black hole is established where it is shown that the dilaton field takes a form of the linear dilaton. Based on the canonical formalism and the Vaidya metric, we proceed to analyze quantum properties of a dynamical black hole. It is found that the mass loss rate of the Hawking radiation is independent of the black hole ma…
A unified description is presented of the physical observables and thermodynamic variables associated with black hole solutions in generic 2-D dilaton gravity. The Dirac quantization of these theories is reviewed and an intriguing relationship between the entropy of the black hole and the WKB phase of the corresponding physical wave functionals is revealed.
We study the relation between the (generalized) conformal quantum mechanics of 0-branes and the two-dimensional dilaton gravity. The two-dimensional actions obtained from the supergravity effective actions for the (dilatonic) 0-branes through the compactification on a sphere are related to known two-dimensional dilaton gravity models. The SL(2,R) symmetry of the (generalized) conformal quantum mechanics is realized within such two-dimensional models. The two-dimensional dilatonic gravity model derived from the non-dilatonic 0-brane action is related to the Liouville theory and therefore is con…
I present the ``Chern--Simons'' formulation of generalized 2d dilaton gravity, summarize its Hamiltonian quantization (reduced phase space and Dirac quantization) and briefly discuss the statistical mechanical entropy of 2d black holes. Focus is put on the close relation to finite dimensional point particle systems.
We demonstrate that in the absence of `matter' fields to all orders of perturbation theory and for all 2D dilaton theories the quantum effective action coincides with the classical one. This resolves the apparent contradiction between the well established results of Dirac quantization and perturbative (path-integral) approaches which seemed to yield non-trivial quantum corrections. For the Jackiw--Teitelboim (JT) model, our result is even extended to the situation when a matter field is present.
The global structure of 2-dimensional dilaton gravity is studied, attending in particular to black holes and singularities. A gravitational energy is defined and shown to be positive at spatial singularities and negative at temporal singularities. Trapped points are defined, and it is shown that spatial singularities are trapped and temporal singularities are not. Thus a local form of cosmic censorship holds for positive energy. In an analogue of gravitational collapse to a black hole, matter falling into an initially flat space creates a spatial curvature singularity which is cloaked in a spa…
Cosmological horizon thermodynamics in Gauss-Bonnet quasi-dilaton Massive Gravity
Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；Università di Camerino（卡梅里诺大学）；University at Albany-SUNY（纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼分校）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；Al-Farabi Kazakh National University（阿尔法拉比哈萨克国立大学）
First Law for Nonsingular Black Holes in 2D Dilaton Gravity
MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学物理学院凝聚态物质非平衡合成与调制教育部重点实验室）
It is shown that all generalized two--dimensional dilaton theories with arbitrary matter content (with a curvature independent coupling to gravity) do not only obey a first law of black hole mechanics (which follows from Wald's general considerations, if the entropy S is defined appropriately), but also a second law: δS \ge 0 provided only that the null energy condition holds and that, loosely speaking, for late times a stationary state is assumed. Also any two-dimensional f(R)--theory is covered. This generalizes a previous proof of Frolov [1] to a much wider class of theories.
The Bekenstein-Hawking ``entropy'' of a Kerr-Newman dilaton black hole is computed in a perturbative expansion in the charge-to-mass ratio. The most probable configuration for a gas of such black holes is analyzed in the microcanonical formalism and it is argued that it does not satisfy the equipartition principle but a bootstrap condition. It is also suggested that the present results are further support for an interpretation of black holes as excitations of extended objects.
We elaborated the gravitational collapse of a self-gravitating complex charged scalar field in the context of the low-energy limit of the string theory, the so-called dilaton gravity. We begin with the regular spacetime and follow the evolution through the formation of an apparent horizon and the final central singularity.
Using the ADM formulation of the Einstein-Maxwell axion-dilaton gravity we derived the formulas for the variation of mass and other asymptotic conserved quantities in the theory under consideration. Generalizing this kind of reasoning to the initial dota for the manifold with an interior boundary we got the generalized first law of black hole mechanics. We consider an asymptotically flat solution to the Einstein-Maxwell axion-dilaton gravity describing a black hole with a Killing vector field timelike at infinity, the horizon of which comprises a bifurcate Killing horizon with a bifurcate surf…
We show that the phase transition from the decelerating universe to the accelerating universe, which is of relevance to the cosmological coincidence problem, is possible in the semiclassically quantized two-dimensional dilaton gravity by taking into account the noncommutative field variables during the finite time. Initially, the quantum-mechanically induced energy from the noncommutativity among the fields makes the early universe decelerate and subsequently the universe is accelerating because the dilaton driven cosmology becomes dominant later.
We study the quantum mechanics of homogeneous black hole interiors in the RST model of 2D gravity. The model, which contains a dilaton and metric, includes radiation back-reaction terms and is exactly solvable classically. The reduced phase space is four dimensional. The equations for one pair of variables can be trivially solved. The dynamics of the remaining degree of freedom, namely the dilaton, is more interesting and corresponds to that of a particle on the half line in a linear potential with time dependent coupling. We construct the self-adjoint extension of the corresponding quantized …
Local path integral quantization of generic 2D dilaton gravity is considered. Locality means that we assume asymptotic fall off conditions for all fields. We demonstrate that in the absence of `matter' fields to all orders of perturbation theory and for all 2D dilaton theories the quantum effective action coincides with the classical one. This resolves the apparent contradiction between the well established results of Dirac quantization and perturbative (path-integral) approaches which seemed to yield non-trivial quantum corrections. For a particular case, the Jackiw--Teitelboim model, our res…
Two dimensional (2D) analogue of vacuum sector of the Brans Dicke (BD) gravity [1] is studied to obtain dynamics of anisotropic spherically symmetric perfect fluid. Our obtained static solutions behave as dark matter with state equation $γ=\frac{p(ρ)}{\varrho}=-0.25$ but in non-static regimes behave as regular perfect fluid with barotropic index $γ>0.$ Positivity property of total mass of the fluid causes that the BD parameter to be $ω>\frac{2}{3}$ and/or $ω<-1$. Locations of the event and apparent horizons of the collapsing fluid are obtained in its static regime. In case $ω>0$ the apparent h…
Path integral quantization of dilaton gravity in two dimensions is applied to the CGHS model to the first nontrivial order in matter loops. Our approach is background independent as geometry is integrated out exactly. The result is an effective shift of the Killing norm: the apparent horizon becomes smaller. The Hawking temperature which is constant to leading order receives a quantum correction. As a consequence, the specific heat becomes positive and proportional to the square of the black hole mass.
Mechanics of non-rotating black holes was recently generalized by replacing the static event horizons used in standard treatments with `isolated horizons.' This framework is extended to incorporate dilaton couplings. Since there can be gravitational and matter radiation outside isolated horizons, now the fundamental parameters of the horizon, used in mechanics, must be defined using only the local structure of the horizon, without reference to infinity. This task is accomplished and the zeroth and first laws are established. To complement the previous work, the entire discussion is formulated …
We consider a string-inspired torsion-dilaton-gravity action in a Randall-Sundrum brane world scenario and show that, in an effective four-dimensional theory on the visible brane, the rank-2 antisymmetric Kalb-Ramond field (source of torsion) is exponentially suppressed. The result is similar to our earlier result in [12], where no dilaton was present in the bulk. This offers an explanation of the apparent invisibility of torsion in our space-time. However, in this case the trilinear couplings ~ Tev^{-1} between dilaton and torsion may lead to new signals in Tev scale experiments, bearing the …
Based on the analysis of two dimensional dilaton gravity we argue that the semiclassical equations of black hole formation and evaporation should not be interpreted in terms of expectation values of operators in the exact quantum theory, but rather as WKB trajectories. Thus at the semiclassical level it does not seem possible to formulate a notion of {\it quantum mechanical} information loss.
These lectures give a pedagogical review of dilaton gravity, Hawking radiation, the black hole information problem, and black hole pair creation. (Lectures presented at the 1994 Trieste Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology)
Black hole mechanics was recently extended by replacing the more commonly used event horizons in stationary space-times with isolated horizons in more general space-times (which may admit radiation arbitrarily close to black holes). However, so far the detailed analysis has been restricted to non-rotating black holes (although it incorporated arbitrary distortion, as well as electromagnetic, Yang-Mills and dilatonic charges). We now fill this gap by first introducing the notion of isolated horizon angular momentum and then extending the first law to the rotating case.
The quantum mechanics of black holes in generic 2-D dilaton gravity is considered. The Hamiltonian surface terms are derived for boundary conditions corresponding to an eternal black hole with slices on the interior ending on the horizon bifurcation point. The quantum Dirac constraints are solved exactly for these boundary conditions to yield physical eigenstates of the energy operator. The solutions are obtained in terms of geometrical phase space variables that were originally used by Cangemi, Jackiw and Zwiebach in the context of string inspired dilaton gravity. The spectrum is continuous i…
We investigate the quantum Lifshitz criticality in a general background of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton gravity. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of critical point with dynamic critical exponent z by tuning a nonminimal coupling to its critical value. We also study the effect of nonminimal coupling and exponent z to the Efimov states and holographic RG flow in the overcritical region. We have found that the nonminimal coupling increases the instability for a probe scalar to condensate and its back reaction is discussed. At last, we give a quantum mechanics treatment to a solvable system…
Dimensionally reduced spherically symmetric gravity and its generalization, generic 2-D dilaton gravity, provide ideal theoretical laboratories for the study of black hole quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. They are sufficiently simple to be tractable but contain enough structure to allow the study of many deep issues in quantum gravity, such as the endpoint of Hawking radiation and the source of black hole entropy. This article reviews recent progress in a particular geometrical approach to the study of quantum black holes in generic 2-d dilaton gravity.
Quantum mechanical boundary conditions along a timelike line, corresponding to the origin in radial coordinates, in two-dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to $N$ matter fields, are considered. Conformal invariance and vacuum stability severely constrain the possibilities. The simplest choice found corresponds to a nonlinear Liouville-type boundary interaction. The scattering of low-energy matter off the boundary can be computed perturbatively. It is found that weak incident pulses induce damped oscillations at the boundary while large incident pulses produce black holes. The response of the b…
We discuss quantum mechanics in the moduli space consisting of two maximally charged dilaton black holes. The quantum mechanics of the two black hole system is similar to the one of DFF model, and this system has the $SL(2,R)$ conformal symmetry. Also, we discuss the bound states in this system.
In [P. Kanti, B. Kleihaus, J. Kunz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 271101 (2011)] it was shown that the four-dimensional Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet theory allows for wormholes without introducing any exotic matter. The numerical solution for the wormhole was obtained there and it was claimed that this solution is gravitationally stable against radial perturbations, what, by now, would mean the only known theoretical possibility for existence of an apparently stable, four-dimensional and asymptotically flat wormhole without exotic matter. Here, more detailed analysis of perturbations shows that the K…
Aim of the paper is to obtain 2d analogue of the backreaction equation which will be useful to study final state of quantum perturbed spherically symmetric curved space times. Thus we take Einstein-massless-scalar $ψ$ tensor gravity model described on class of spherically symmetric curved space times. We rewrite the action functional in 2d analogue in terms of dimensionless dilaton-matter field $(χ=Φψ)$ where dilaton field $Φ$ is conformal factor of 2-sphere. Then we seek renormalized expectation value of quantum dilaton-matter field stress tensor operator by applying Hadamard rennormalization…
In this letter, we show that Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity can be naturally realized in the Karch-Randall braneworld. Notably the role of the dilaton in JT gravity is played by the radion in a suitably orbifolded version of the setup. In the classical entanglement entropy calculation, there is an apparent degeneracy of Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces. We demonstrate how quantum fluctuations of the radion/dilaton resolves this would-be classical puzzle regarding entanglement wedge reconstruction.
We investigate nonperturbative canonical quantization of two dimensional dilaton gravity theories with an emphasis on the CGHS model. We use an approach where a canonical transformation is constructed such that the constraints take a quadratic form. The required canonical transformation is obtained by using a method based on the Bäcklund transformation from the Liouville theory. We quantize dilaton gravity in terms of the new variables, where it takes a form of a bosonic string theory with background charges. Unitarity is then established by going into a light-cone gauge. As a direct consequen…
In classical two-dimensional pure dilaton gravity, and in particular in spherically symmetric pure gravity in d dimensions, the generalized Birkhoff theorem states that, for a suitable choice of coordinates, the metric coefficients are only functions of a single coordinate. It is interesting to see how this result is recovered in quantum theory by the explicit construction of the Hilbert space. We examine the CGHS model, enforce the set of auxiliary conditions that select physical states a` la Gupta-Bleuler, and prove that the matrix elements of the metric and of the dilaton field obey the cla…
The thermodynamics of Maxwell-Dilaton (dirty) black holes has been extensively studied. It has served as a fertile ground to test ideas about temperature through various definitions of surface gravity. In this paper, we make an independent analysis of this black hole solution in both, Einstein and Jordan, frames. We explore a set of definitions for the surface gravity and observe the different predictions they make for the near extremal configuration of this black hole. Finally, motivated by the singularity structure in the interior of the event horizon, we use a holographic argument to remove…
We consider the Hamiltonian mechanics and thermodynamics of an eternal black hole in a box of fixed radius and temperature in generic 2-D dilaton gravity. Imposing boundary conditions analoguous to those used by Louko and Whiting for spherically symmetric gravity, we find that the reduced Hamiltonian generically takes the form: $$ H(M,ϕ_+) = σ_0 E(M,ϕ_+) -{N_0\over 2π} S(M) $$ where $E(M,ϕ_+)$ is the quasilocal energy of a black hole of mass $M$ inside a static box (surface of fixed dilaton field $ϕ_+$) and $S(M)$ is the associated classical thermodynamical entropy. $σ_0$ and $N_0$ determine t…
By considering charged black hole solutions of a one parameter family of two dimensional dilaton gravity theories, one finds the existence of quantum mechanically stable gravitational kinks with a simple mass to charge relation. Unlike their Einsteinian counterpart (i.e. extreme Reissner-Nordström), these have nonvanishing horizon surface gravity.
We discuss the quantum states in the moduli space, which constructed with maximally charged dilaton black holes. Considering the quantum mechanics in the moduli space, we obtain the asymptotic states for the near-coincident black holes and the widely separated black holes. We study the scattering process of the dilaton black holes with the asymptotic states. In the scattering process, the quantum effects in the black hole moduli space are investigated.
In this work, we discuss the quantum mechanics on the moduli space consisting of two maximally charged dilaton black holes. We study the quantum effects resulting from the different structure of the moduli space geometry in the scattering process.
We present a new solution to dilaton-axion gravity which looks like a rotating Bertotti-Robinson (BR) Universe. It is supported by an homogeneous Maxwell field and a linear axion and can be obtained as a near-horizon limit of extremal rotating dilaton-axion black holes. It has the isometry $SL(2,R)\times U(1)$ where U(1) is the remnant of the SO(3) symmetry of BR broken by rotation, while $SL(2,R)$ corresponds to the $AdS_2$ sector which no longer factors out of the full spacetime. Alternatively our solution can be obtained from the D=5 vacuum counterpart to the dyonic BR with equal electric a…
We investigate holographic models of superfluids and superconductors in which the gravitational theory includes a dilatonic field. Dilaton extensions are interesting as they allow us to obtain a better description of low temperature condensed matter systems. We focus on asymptotically AdS black hole configurations, which are dual to field theories with conformal ultraviolet behavior. A nonvanishing value of the dilaton breaks scale invariance in the infrared and is therefore compatible with the normal phase being insulating (or a solid in the fluid mechanical interpretation); indeed we find th…
The cosmological constant problem is one of the long-standing issues of modern physics. While we can measure the value of the cosmological constant with great accuracy, we are not able to calculate it in a coherent theoretical framework. On the contrary the theoretical predictions in Quantum Field Theory are radically different from observations. This disagreement is a hint of the difficult conciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity in a theory of Quantum Gravity. Current approaches to the cosmological constant problem, in particular, do not account for the quantum nature of the …
We investigate on a Randall-Sundrum warped spacetime, a Kerr-like black hole in the conformal dilaton-Higgs $(ω,Φ)$ gravity model. We applied the antipodal boundary condition on the Klein surface using the $\mathds{Z}_2$-symmetry in the "large" (bulk) extra dimension. It turns out that the pseudo-Riemannian 5D manifold can be written as an effective 4D Riemannian brane spacetime, $\mathds{R}^2_+\times\mathds{R}^1\times S^1$, where $\mathds{R}^2_+$ is conformally flat. The solution in valid on both manifolds. So the solution can equally well described by an instanton solution. An advantage is t…
As the only gravity theory with quadratic curvature terms and second-order field equations, Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity is a natural testbed to probe the high-curvature regime beyond General Relativity in a fully nonperturbative way. Due to nonperturbative effects of the dilatonic coupling, black holes in this theory have a minimum mass which separates a stable branch from an unstable one. The minimum mass solution is a double point in the phase diagram of the theory, wherein the critical black hole and a wormhole solution coexist. We perform extensive nonlinear simulations of the sp…
We uncover a novel structure in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity: an ${\rm AdS}_2 \times S^2$ solution in string frame, which can be obtained by a near-horizon limit of the extreme GHS black hole with dilaton coupling $λ\neq 1$. Unlike the Bertotti-Robinson spacetime, our solution has independent length scales for the ${\rm AdS}_2$ and $S^2$, with ratio controlled by $λ$. We solve the perturbation problem for this solution, finding the independently propagating towers of states in terms of superpositions of gravitons, photons, and dilatons and their associated effective potentials. These poten…
We exploit the parallel between dynamical black holes and cosmological spacetimes to describe the evolution of Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker universes from the point of view of an observer in terms of the dynamics of the apparent horizon. Using the Hayward-Kodama formalism of dynamical black holes, we clarify the role of the Clausius relation to derive the Friedmann equations for a universe, in the spirit of Jacobson's work on the thermodynamics of spacetime. We also show how dynamics at the horizon naturally leads to the quantum-mechanical process of Hawking radiation. We comment on the…
A two boundary quantum mechanics without time ordered causal structure is advocated as consistent theory. The apparent causal structure of usual "near future" macroscopic phenomena is attributed to a cosmological asymmetry and to rules governing the transition between microscopic to macroscopic observations. Our interest is a heuristic understanding of the resulting macroscopic physics.
We investigate the asymptotic dynamics of topological anti-de Sitter supergravity in two dimensions. Starting from the formulation as a BF theory, it is shown that the AdS_2 boundary conditions imply that the asymptotic symmetries form a super-Virasoro algebra. Using the central charge of this algebra in Cardy's formula, we exactly reproduce the thermodynamical entropy of AdS_2 black holes. Furthermore, we show that the dynamics of the dilaton and its superpartner reduces to that of superconformal transformations that leave invariant one chiral component of the stress tensor supercurrent of a …
We present a specific two-dimensional dilaton gravity model in which a black hole evaporates leaving a wormhole at the end state. As the black hole formed by infalling matter in a initially static spacetime evaporates by emitting Hawking radiation, the black hole singularity that is initially hidden behind a timelike apparent horizon meets the shrinking horizon. At this intersection point, we imposed boundary conditions which require disappearance of the black hole singularity and generation of the exotic matter which is the source of the wormhole as the end state of the black hole. These, of …
We review the (2+1)-dimensional Baunados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black hole solution in conformally invariant gravity, uplifted to (3+1)-dimensional spacetime. As matter content we use a scalar-gauge field. The metric is written as $g_{μν}=ω^2\tilde g_{μν}$, where the {\it dilaton field} $ω$ contains all the scale dependencies and where $\tilde g_{μν}$ represents the "un-physical" spacetime. A numerical solution is presented and shows how the dilaton can be treated on equal footing with the scalar field. The location of the apparent horizon and ergo-surface depends critically on the parameters and …
We continue our study of factorizing theories of dilaton gravity, characterized by a universal bilocal interaction. All such factorizing theories can be shown to have discrete spectra, distinguished only by their local dilaton potentials. We show how such theories can be used to construct all alpha-states in the Hilbert space of baby universes of ordinary JT gravity. Large classes of these theories with different local potentials are found to be non-perturbatively equivalent and have identical discrete spectra. This is a concrete example of how different bulk descriptions can give rise to the …
