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arXiv 1609.04804astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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云图:在一颗年轻的极红L型褐矮星中发现斑片状云和高振幅旋转调制

Cloud Atlas: Discovery of Patchy Clouds and High-amplitude Rotational Modulations In a Young, Extremely Red L-type Brown Dwarf

Ben W. P. Lew, Daniel Apai, Yifan Zhou, Glenn Schneider, Adam J. Burgasser, Theodora Karalidi, Hao Yang, Mark S. Marley, Nicolas B. Cowan, Luigi R. Bedin, Stani… 展开作者

Ben W. P. Lew, Daniel Apai, Yifan Zhou, Glenn Schneider, Adam J. Burgasser, Theodora Karalidi, Hao Yang, Mark S. Marley, Nicolas B. Cowan, Luigi R. Bedin, Stanimir A. Metchev, Jacqueline Radigan, Patrick J. Lowrance

摘要:

凝结云从根本上影响了系外行星和褐矮星的大气结构和光谱,但表面重力,云结构,高层大气中的尘埃和一些褐矮星的红色之间的联系仍然知之甚少。旋转调制使得能够研究同一大气中的不同云,从而提供了一种分离云的影响的方法。在这里,我们提出了在低重力,极红(J-Ks=2.55)L 6矮星WISEP J004701.06+680352.1(W 0047)中发现的高峰-峰幅度(8%)旋转调制。使用哈勃太空望远镜(HST)的时间分辨棱镜光谱,我们发现一个最佳拟合的旋转周期(13.20 $\pm$ 0.14小时)与更大的振幅在1.1微米比在1.7微米。这是在褐矮星中测得的第三大近红外变化幅度,表明大幅度变化不仅限于L/T转换,而且存在于一些极端红色的L型矮星中。我们报告了相对振幅的波长依赖性,可能代理在高层大气中的小尘埃颗粒,和大振幅变化的可能性之间的试探性趋势。通过假设镁橄榄石为雾状粒子,我们成功地解释了波长依赖的振幅与亚微米尺寸的雾状粒子的尺寸约为0.4 μm。W 0047连接了早期光谱型和晚期光谱型的棕矮星,其中观测到了旋转调制,该天体的大振幅变化使其成为研究L/T转换附近云性质的基准棕矮星。

英文摘要:

Condensate clouds fundamentally impact the atmospheric structure and spectra of exoplanets and brown dwarfs but the connections between surface gravity, cloud structure, dust in the upper atmosphere, and the red colors of some brown dwarfs remain poorly understood. Rotational modulations enable the study of different clouds in the same atmosphere, thereby providing a method to isolate the effects of clouds. Here we present the discovery of high peak-to-peak amplitude (8%) rotational modulations in a low-gravity, extremely red (J-Ks=2.55) L6 dwarf WISEP J004701.06+680352.1 (W0047). Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) time-resolved grism spectroscopy we find a best-fit rotational period (13.20$\pm$0.14 hours) with a larger amplitude at 1.1 micron than at 1.7 micron. This is the third largest near-infrared variability amplitude measured in a brown dwarf, demonstrating that large-amplitude variations are not limited to the L/T transition but are present in some extremely red L-type dwarfs. We report a tentative trend between the wavelength dependence of relative amplitude, possibly proxy for small dust grains lofted in the upper atmosphere, and the likelihood of large-amplitude variability. By assuming forsterite as haze particle, we successfully explain the wavelength dependent amplitude with submicron-sized haze particles sizes of around 0.4 μm. W0047 links the earlier spectral and later spectral type brown dwarfs in which rotational modulations have been observed, the large amplitude variations in this object make this a benchmark brown dwarf for the study of cloud properties close to the L/T transition.

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