Analysis of the Herschel/HEXOS Spectral Survey Towards Orion South: A massive protostellar envelope with strong external irradiation
K. Tahani, R. Plume, E. A. Bergin, V. Tolls, T. G. Phillips, E. Caux, S. Cabrit, J. R. Goicoechea, P. F. Goldsmith, D. Johnstone, D. C. Lis, L. Pagani, K. M. Me… 展开作者
K. Tahani, R. Plume, E. A. Bergin, V. Tolls, T. G. Phillips, E. Caux, S. Cabrit, J. R. Goicoechea, P. F. Goldsmith, D. Johnstone, D. C. Lis, L. Pagani, K. M. Menten, H. S. P. Muller, V. Ossenkopf-Okada, J. C. Pearson, F. F. S. van der Tak
我们目前的结果，从一个全面的亚毫米光谱调查对源猎户座南，获得的数据的基础上与HIFI仪器搭载的\textit{Herschel Space Observatory}，覆盖频率范围480至1900 GHz。我们用S/N $>$ 3 $σ$探测到685条光谱线，来自52种不同的分子和原子种类。我们模拟每个检测到的物种假设条件的局部热力学平衡。该分析提供了猎户座南的物理条件（柱密度，温度，源大小，\& V $_{LSR}$）的估计。我们发现了三种不同的云成分的证据：（T $_{ex} \sim 20-40$ K），空间扩展（$> 60"$）和静止（$ΔV_{FWHM} \sim 4$ km s $^{-1}$）分量;较暖的（T $_{ex} \sim 80-100$ K），空间延伸较小（$\sim 30"$）和动态（$ΔV_{FWHM} \sim 8$ km s $^{-1}$）分量，可能受到嵌入流出的影响;以及运动学上不同的区域（T $_{ex}$ $>$ 100 K; V $_{LSR}$ $\sim$ 8 km s $^{-1}$），主要是来自追踪紫外线辐射的物质的发射，可能在云的表面。我们发现一个化学上不同的“热芯”组件的存在的证据很少，可能是由于小填充因子的热芯或热芯内的\textit{Herschel}光束。我们发现，在较冷的气体的化学成分，猎户座南部的静态组件更接近猎户座KL的静态脊。然而，在温暖的动力成分中的气体更接近猎户座-KL的致密岭和高原地区，这表明更高的温度和冲击也对猎户座南部的整体化学产生影响。
英文摘要：
We present results from a comprehensive submillimeter spectral survey toward the source Orion South, based on data obtained with the HIFI instrument aboard the \textit{Herschel Space Observatory}, covering the frequency range 480 to 1900 GHz. We detect 685 spectral lines with S/N $>$ 3$σ$, originating from 52 different molecular and atomic species. We model each of the detected species assuming conditions of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. This analysis provides an estimate of the physical conditions of Orion South (column density, temperature, source size, \& V$_{LSR}$). We find evidence for three different cloud components: a cool (T$_{ex} \sim 20-40$ K), spatially extended ($> 60"$), and quiescent ($ΔV_{FWHM} \sim 4$ km s $^{-1}$) component; a warmer (T$_{ex} \sim 80-100$ K), less spatially extended ($\sim 30"$), and dynamic ($ΔV_{FWHM} \sim 8$ km s $^{-1}$) component, which is likely affected by embedded outflows; and a kinematically distinct region (T$_{ex}$ $>$ 100 K; V$_{LSR}$ $\sim$ 8 km s $^{-1}$), dominated by emission from species which trace ultraviolet irradiation, likely at the surface of the cloud. We find little evidence for the existence of a chemically distinct "hot core" component, likely due to the small filling factor of the hot core or hot cores within the \textit{Herschel} beam. We find that the chemical composition of the gas in the cooler, quiescent component of Orion South more closely resembles that of the quiescent ridge in Orion-KL. The gas in the warmer, dynamic component, however, more closely resembles that of the Compact Ridge and Plateau regions of Orion-KL, suggesting that higher temperatures and shocks also have an influence on the overall chemistry of Orion South.
We identify 45 protostellar outflows in CO maps of the Orion A giant molecular cloud from the CARMA-NRO Orion survey. Our sample includes 11 newly detected outflows. We measure the mass and energetics of the outflows, including material at low-velocities by correcting for cloud contributions. The total momentum and kinetic energy injection rates of outflows is comparable to the turbulent dissipation rate of the cloud. We also compare the outflow position angles to the orientation of C$^{18}$O filaments. We find that the full sample of outflows is consistent with being randomly oriented with re…
Interest in stellar feedback has recently increased because new studies suggest that radiative and mechanical feedback from young massive stars regulate the physical and chemical composition of the interstellar medium (ISM) significantly. Recent SOFIA [CII] 158 micron observations of the Orion Veil revealed that the expanding bubble is powered by stellar winds and influenced by previously active molecular outflows of ionizing massive stars. We aim to investigate the mechanical feedback on the whole Veil shell by searching for jets/outflows interacting with the Veil shell and determining the or…
The presence of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the interstellar medium (ISM) is of great interest since it may link to the origin and prevalence of life in the universe. Aiming to investigate the occurrence of COMs and their possible origins, we conducted a chemical census toward a sample of protostellar cores as part of the ALMA Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP) project. We report the detection of 11 hot corino sources, which exhibit compact emissions from warm and abundant COMs, among 56 Class 0/I protostellar cores. All the hot corino sources discovered are likely C…
The prevalence of substructures in $\sim1-10$ Myr old protoplanetary disks, which are often linked to planet formation, has raised the question of how early such features form, and as a corollary, how early planet formation begins. Here we present observations of seven protostellar disks (aged $\sim0.1-1$ Myr) from the VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Orion Protostars (VANDAM: Orion) that show clear substructures, thereby demonstrating that these features can form early in the lifetimes of disks. We use simple analytic models as well as detailed radiative transfer modeling to c…
Testing a New Model of Embedded Protostellar Disks Against Observation: The Majority of Orion Class 0/I Disks Are Likely Warm, Massive, and Gravitationally Unstable
构建了基于内部吸积加热和临界引力不稳定假设的嵌入式原行星盘参数化模型，拟合 VANDAM 猎户座 156 个盘的多波长观测，发现多数 Class 0/I 盘温暖、大质量且星盘质量比接近 1。
The proper motions of the three stars ejected from Orion's OMC1 cloud core are combined with the requirement that their center of mass is gravitationally bound to OMC1 to show that radio source I (Src I) is likely to have a mass around 15 Solar masses consistent with recent measurements. Src I, the star with the smallest proper motion, is suspected to be either an AU-scale binary or a protostellar merger remnant produced by a dynamic interaction ~550 years ago. Near-infrared 2.2 um images spanning ~21 years confirm the ~55 km/s motion of `source x' (Src x) away from the site of stellar ejectio…
Outbursts due to dramatic increases in the mass accretion rate are the most extreme type of variability in young stellar objects. We searched for outbursts among 319 protostars in the Orion molecular clouds by comparing 3.6, 4.5, and 24 micron photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope to 3.4, 4.6, and 22 micron photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) obtained ~ 6.5 yr apart. Sources that brightened by more than two standard deviations above the mean variability at all three wavelengths were marked as burst candidates, and they were inspected visually to check for false…
We compared the sizes and fluxes of a sample of protostellar disks in Orion A measured with the ALMA 0.87 mm continuum data from the VANDAM survey with the physical properties of their ambient environments on the core scale of 0.6 pc estimated with the GBT GAS NH3 and JCMT SCUPOL polarimetric data. We did not find any significant dependence of the disk radii and continuum fluxes on a single parameter on the core scale, such as the non-thermal line width, magnetic field orientation and strength, or magnitude and orientation of the velocity gradient. Among these parameters, we only found a posit…
We have selected six sources (G209.55-19.68S2, G205.46-14.56S1$_{-}$A, G203.21-11.20W2, G191.90-11.21S, G205.46-14.56S3, and G206.93-16.61W2) from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Survey of Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (ALMASOP), in which these sources have been mapped in the CO (J=2-1), SiO (J=5-4), and C$^{18}$O (J=2-1) lines. These sources have high-velocity SiO jets surrounded by low-velocity CO outflows. The SiO jets consist of a chain of knots. These knots have been thought to be produced by semi-periodical variations in jet velocity. Therefore, we adopt a shock-form…
We characterize protostellar multiplicity in the Orion molecular clouds using ALMA 0.87~mm and VLA 9~mm continuum surveys toward 328 protostars. These observations are sensitive to projected spatial separations as small as $\sim$20~au, and we consider source separations up to 10$^4$~au as potential companions. The overall multiplicity fraction (MF) and companion fraction (CF) for the Orion protostars are 0.30$\pm$0.03 and 0.44$\pm$0.03, respectively, considering separations from 20 to 10$^4$~au. The MFs and CFs are corrected for potential contamination by unassociated young stars using a proba…
Planck cold clumps in the $λ$ Orionis complex: I. Discovery of an extremely young Class 0 protostellar object and a proto-brown dwarf candidate in a bright rimmed clump PGCC G192.32-11.88
我们正在用地面望远镜对$λ$ Orionis复合体中的普朗克银河系冷团（PGCC）进行一系列观测，以系统地研究恒星反馈的影响。在PGCC G192.32-11.88的特殊情况下，我们发现了一个非常年轻的0类原恒星天体（G192 N）和一个原棕矮星候选天体（G192 S）。G192 N和G192 S位于一个受重力束缚的亮边团块中。在CO同位素谱线发射中观察到的速度和温度梯度表明PGCC G192.32-11.88受到外部加热和压缩。与猎户座复合体中其他年轻的0级源（例如PACS亮红源（PBRs））相比，G192 N可能具有最低的热光度（$\sim0.8$ L $_{\sun}$）和吸积速率（6.3 $\times10^{-7}$ M $_{\sun}$ ~yr $^{-1}$）。它的内部光度（$0.21\pm0.01$ L $_{\sun}$）和外流速度（$\sim$ 14 km~s $^{-1}$）比第一流体静力学核心（FHSC）的预测值稍大。G192 N可能是最年轻的0级源之一，比FHSC稍微进化。考虑到它的低内部光度（$0.08\pm0.01$ L $_{\odot}$）和吸积速率（2.8 $\times10^{-8}$ M $_{\sun}$ ~yr $^{-1}$），G192 S是一颗理想的原棕矮星候选者。PGCC G192.32-11.88中的恒星形成效率（$\sim$ …
During the transition phase from a prestellar to a protostellar cloud core, one or several protostars can form within a single gas core. The detailed physical processes of this transition, however, still remain unclear. We present 1.3 mm dust continuum and molecular line observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) toward 43 protostellar cores in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex ($λ$ Orionis, Orion B, and Orion A) with an angular resolution of $\sim$ 0.35" ($\sim$ 140 au). In total, we detect 13 binary/multiple systems. We derive an overall multiplicity frequency …
We present ALMA (0.87~mm) and VLA (9~mm) observations toward OMC2-FIR4 and OMC2-FIR3 within the Orion integral-shaped filament that are thought to be the nearest regions of intermediate mass star formation. We characterize the continuum sources within these regions on $\sim$40~AU (0\farcs1) scales and associated molecular line emission at a factor of $\sim$30 better resolution than previous observations at similar wavelengths. We identify six compact continuum sources within OMC2-FIR4, four in OMC2-FIR3, and one additional source just outside OMC2-FIR4. This continuum emission is tracing the i…
We present Magellan adaptive optics H$α$ imaging of HH 508, which has the highest surface brightness among protostellar jets in the Orion Nebula. We find that HH 508 actually has a shorter component to the west, and a longer and knotty component to the east. The east component has a kink at 0.3" from the jet-driving star $θ^1$ Ori B2, so it may have been deflected by the wind/radiation from the nearby $θ^1$ Ori B1B5. The origin of both components is unclear, but if each of them is a separate jet, then $θ^1$ Ori B2 may be a tight binary. Alternatively, HH 508 may be a slow-moving outflow, and e…
The role of feedback in the self-regulation of star formation is a fundamental question in astrophysics. The Orion Nebula is the nearest site of ongoing and recent massive star formation. It is a unique laboratory for the study of stellar feedback. Recent SOFIA [CII] 158 $μ$m observations revealed an expanding bubble, the Veil shell, being powered by stellar winds and ionization feedback. We have identified a protrusion-like substructure in the Northwest portion of the Orion Veil Shell that may indicate additional feedback mechanisms that are highly directional. Our goal is to investigate the …
We investigate the relationship between turbulence and feedback in the Orion A molecular cloud using maps of $^{12}$CO(1-0), $^{13}$CO(1-0) and C$^{18}$O(1-0) from the CARMA-NRO Orion survey. We compare gas statistics with the impact of feedback in different parts of the cloud to test whether feedback changes the structure and kinematics of molecular gas. We use principal component analysis, the spectral correlation function, and the spatial power spectrum to characterize the cloud. We quantify the impact of feedback with momentum injection rates of protostellar outflows and wind-blown shells …
We study protostellar envelope and outflow evolution using Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS or WFC3 images of 304 protostars in the Orion Molecular clouds. These near-IR images resolve structures in the envelopes delineated by the scattered light of the central protostars with 80 AU resolution and they complement the 1.2-870 micron spectral energy distributions obtained with the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey program (HOPS). Based on their 1.60 micron morphologies, we classify the protostars into five categories: non-detections, point sources without nebulosity, bipolar cavity sources, unipolar …
Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) are contemplated to be the ideal targets to probe the early phases of star formation. We have conducted a survey of 72 young dense cores inside PGCCs in the Orion complex with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.3\,mm (band 6) using three different configurations (resolutions $\sim$ 0$\farcs$35, 1$\farcs$0, and 7$\farcs$0) to statistically investigate their evolutionary stages and sub-structures. We have obtained images of the 1.3\,mm continuum and molecular line emission ($^{12}$CO, and SiO) at an angular resolution of $\sim$ 0$\far…
We present the results of mapping observations toward an outflow-shocked region, OMC-2 FIR 4 using the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. We observed the area in $^{13}$CO ($J=1-0$), C$^{18}$O ($J=1-0$), N$_2$H$^+$ ($J=1-0$), CCS ($J_N=8_7-7_6$), HCO$^+$ ($J=1-0$), H$^{13}$CO$^+$ ($J=1-0$), HN$^{13}$C ($J=1-0$), H$^{13}$CN ($J=1-0$), DNC ($J=1-0$), N$_2$D$^+$ ($J=1-0$), and DC$_3$N ($J=9-8$). We detected a dense molecular clump that contains FIR 4/5. We also detected in $^{13}$CO blueshifted and redshifted components driven presumably by protostellar outflows in this region. The axes of the FIR 3 and VL…
大多数大质量恒星形成于密集的星团中，在那里与其他恒星的引力相互作用可能是常见的。距离最近的两颗正在形成的大质量恒星，位于猎户座星云后面的BN天体和源I，大约在500年前被这种相互作用以$\sim$ 29和$\sim$ 13 km s $^{-1}$的速度喷射出来。这一事件引起了气体爆炸。新的ALMA观测以前所未有的详细程度显示了超过100个$^{12}$ CO J=2 $-$ 1拖缆的大致球对称分布，其速度从V $_{LSR}$ = $-$ 150到+145 km s $^{-1}$。流注的径向速度随离爆炸中心的投影距离线性增加（或减少），形成了一个“哈勃流”，局限于爆炸中心的50弧秒内。它们指向高自行、激波激发的H $_2$和[Fe ii ]“指尖”，以及H $_2$尾流（包括猎户座的“手指”）中的低速CO。在某些方向上，H $_2$“指状物”从喷射中心延伸的距离比CO流光远两倍以上。这种偏离球面对称的现象可能是由喷射物进入致密气体或N体相互作用的动力学引起的，N体相互作用喷射出恒星并产生爆炸。这个$\sim$ 10 $^{48}$ erg事件可能是由与致密双星或原恒星合并形成相关的引力势能释放提供动力的。猎户座可能是一种新的恒星爆炸的原型，这种恒星爆炸负责附近星系中的亮红外瞬变。
Earth's carbon deficit has been an outstanding problem in our understanding of the formation of our Solar System. A possible solution would be the sublimation of carbon grains at the so-called soot line (~300 K) early in the planet-formation process. Here, we argue that the most likely signatures of this process are an excess of hydrocarbons and nitriles inside the soot line, and a higher excitation temperature for these molecules compared to oxygen-bearing complex organics that desorb around the water snowline (~100 K). Such characteristics have been reported in the literature, for example, i…
We report the detection of four new hot corino sources, G211.47-19.27S, G208.68-19.20N1, G210.49-19.79W and G192.12-11.10 from a survey study of Planck Galactic Cold Clumps in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex with the Atacama Compact Array (ACA). Three sources had been identified as low mass Class 0 protostars in the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS). One source in the lambda Orionis region is firstly reported as a protostellar core. We have observed abundant complex organic molecules (COMs), primarily methanol but also other oxygen-bearing COMs (in G211.47-19.27S and G208.68-19.20N1) an…
We present Markov Chain Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling of a joint ALMA 345 GHz and spectral energy distribution dataset for a sample of 97 protostellar disks from the VLA and ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Orion Protostars. From this modeling, we derive disk and envelope properties for each protostar, allowing us to examine the bulk properties of a population of young protostars. We find that disks are small, with a median dust radius of $ 29.4^{+ 4.1}_{- 2.7}$ au and a median dust mass of $ 5.8^{+ 4.6}_{- 2.7}$ M$_{\oplus}$. We find no statistically significant differen…
We present an 870 $μ$m continuum survey of 300 protostars from the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey using the Atacama Compact Array (ACA). These data measure protostellar flux densities on envelope scales $\leq$8000 au (20") and resolve the structure of envelopes with 1600 au (4") resolution, a factor of 3-5 improvement in angular resolution over existing single-dish 870 $μ$m observations. We compare the ACA observations to Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 12 m array observations at 870 $μ$m with $\sim$0.1 (40 au) resolution. Using the 12 m data to measure the fluxes from disks and …
Dust Seeding Molecules in a Massive Protostar -- Detection of TiO in Orion Source I
RIKEN Pioneering Research Institute（理化学研究所先锋研究本部）；The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI（日本综合研究院 (SOKENDAI)）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Kyoto University（京都大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Institute of Science Tokyo（东京科学大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）
Nascent Embedded-protostar Survey in Taurus (NEST) I: Protostellar Multiplicity
National Radio Astronomy Observatory（国家射电天文台）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Space Science Institute（太空科学研究所）；University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；SKA Observatory（平方公里阵列望远镜观测站）；University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）
We used ALMA to observe the star-forming region GGD27 at 1.14 mm with an unprecedented angular resolution, 40 mas (56 au) and sensitivity (0.002 Msun). We detected a cluster of 25 continuum sources, most of which are likely tracing disks around Class 0/I protostars. Excluding the two most massive objects, disks masses are in the range 0.003-0.05 Msun. The analysis of the cluster properties indicates that GGD27 displays moderate subclustering. This result combined with the dynamical timescale of the radio jet (10000 years) suggests the youthfulness of the cluster. The lack of disk mass segregat…
The spectral energy distribution (SED) in the millimetre (mm) to centimetre (cm) range is a useful tool for characterising the dust in protostellar envelopes as well as free-free emission from the protostar and outflow. While many studies have been carried out towards low- and high-mass protostars, little exists so far about solar-type protostars in high-mass star-forming regions, which are likely to be representatives of the conditions where the Solar System was born. We focus here on the OMC-2/3 solar-type protostars, which are bounded by nearby HII regions and which are, therefore, potentia…
We present a detailed study of the Orion B clouds (d~400 pc), imaged with the PACS/SPIRE cameras at 70-500 $μ$m by the Herschel Gould Belt survey (HGBS). We release new high-res. maps of column density and dust temperature. In the filamentary sub-regions NGC2023/2024, NGC2068/2071, and L1622, 1768 starless dense cores were identified, ~28-45% of which are self-gravitating prestellar cores. A total of 76 protostellar dense cores were also found. The typical lifetime of the prestellar cores was found to be $t_{\rm pre}=1.7_{-0.6}^{+0.8}$ Myr. The prestellar core mass function (CMF) peaks at ~0.5…
The HH 212 protostellar system, in Orion B, has been mapped thanks to ALMA-Band 7 Cycle 1 and Cycle 4 observations of dueterated water (HDO) and acetaldehyde (CH$_3$CHO) emission with an angular resolution down to $\sim$0.15 arcsec (60 au). Many emission lines due to 14 CH$_3$CHO and 1 HDO transitions at high excitation ($E_{\rm u}$ between 163 K and 335 K) have been imaged in the inner $\sim$ 70 au region. The local thermal equilibrium analysis of the CH$_3$CHO emission leads to a temperature of 78$\pm$14 K and a column density of 7.6$\pm$3.2 $\times$ 10$^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$, which, when $N_{\rm …
We report results of 0.05"-resolution observations toward the O-type proto-binary system IRAS 16547-4247 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We present dynamical and chemical structures of the circumbinary disk, circumstellar disks, outflows and jets, illustrated by multi-wavelength continuum and various molecular lines. In particular, we detect sodium chloride, silicon compounds, and vibrationally-excited water lines as probes of the individual protostellar disks at a scale of 100 au. These are complementary to typical hot-core molecules tracing the circumbinary stru…
