用Gattini-IR揭开动态红外天空的面纱
Unveiling the Dynamic Infrared Sky with Gattini-IR
摘要：
虽然光学和无线电瞬变测量在过去十年中得到了复兴，但动态红外天空实际上仍然未被探索。红外线是探测高消光尘埃区域瞬态事件的有力工具，也是探测只有在这些波长下才明亮的最冷恒星的有力工具。研究红外时域的基本障碍是极其明亮的天空背景（比光学亮250倍）和红外相机的窄视场（最大为0.6平方度）。为了开始解决这些挑战并打开一个新的红外观测窗口，我们介绍了Palomar Gattini-IR：Palomar天文台的一个25平方度，300毫米孔径的红外望远镜，每晚可以测量整个可访问的天空（20，000平方度），深度为16.4 AB mag（J波段，1.25 um）。Palomar Gattini-IR的面积比现有的红外相机大40倍以上，能够多次测量大面积的天空。我们预期可能会有其他不可行的发现，例如，包括引力波探测的难以捉摸的电磁对应物。有了专用的硬件和F/1.44望远镜，Palomar Gattini-IR将于2017年初在天空中运行，并将在两年的时间里每晚对整个可访问的天空进行调查。Palomar Gattini-IR将为双半球、红外优化、超宽场高节奏机器Turbo Gattini-IR铺平道路。为了利用2.5微米的低天空背景，两个相同的系统将被放置在南极洲的南极和加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛的尤里卡附近。Turbo Gattini-IR将占地15，000平方米。度到20 AB的深度，与VISTA VHS调查的深度相同，每2小时一次，调查效率为97%。
英文摘要：
While optical and radio transient surveys have enjoyed a renaissance over the past decade, the dynamic infrared sky remains virtually unexplored. The infrared is a powerful tool for probing transient events in dusty regions that have high optical extinction, and for detecting the coolest of stars that are bright only at these wavelengths. The fundamental roadblocks in studying the infrared time-domain have been the overwhelmingly bright sky background (250 times brighter than optical) and the narrow field-of-view of infrared cameras (largest is 0.6 sq deg). To begin to address these challenges and open a new observational window in the infrared, we present Palomar Gattini-IR: a 25 sq degree, 300mm aperture, infrared telescope at Palomar Observatory that surveys the entire accessible sky (20,000 sq deg) to a depth of 16.4 AB mag (J band, 1.25um) every night. Palomar Gattini-IR is wider in area than every existing infrared camera by more than a factor of 40 and is able to survey large areas of sky multiple times. We anticipate the potential for otherwise infeasible discoveries, including, for example, the elusive electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave detections. With dedicated hardware in hand, and a F/1.44 telescope available commercially and cost-effectively, Palomar Gattini-IR will be on-sky in early 2017 and will survey the entire accessible sky every night for two years. Palomar Gattini-IR will pave the way for a dual hemisphere, infrared-optimized, ultra-wide field high cadence machine called Turbo Gattini-IR. To take advantage of the low sky background at 2.5 um, two identical systems will be located at the polar sites of the South Pole, Antarctica and near Eureka on Ellesmere Island, Canada. Turbo Gattini-IR will survey 15,000 sq. degrees to a depth of 20AB, the same depth of the VISTA VHS survey, every 2 hours with a survey efficiency of 97%.
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