We study the collective magnetic excitations of the recently discovered $C_{4}$ symmetric spin-density wave states of iron-based superconductors with particular emphasis on their orbital character based on an itinerant multiorbital approach. This is important since the $C_{4}$ symmetric spin-density wave states exist only at moderate interaction strengths where damping effects from a coupling to the continuum of particle-hole excitations strongly modifies the shape of the excitation spectra compared to predictions based on a local moment picture. We uncover a distinct orbital polarization inherent to magnetic excitations in $C_{4}$ symmetric states, which provide a route to identify the different commensurate magnetic states appearing in the continuously updated phase diagram of the iron-pnictide family.
An optical analysis reveals that the electronic correlations in the `parent' compounds of the iron pnictide superconductors are sufficiently strong to significantly impede the mobility of the electrons.
A new iron pnictide LiFeP superconductor was found. The compound crystallizes into a Cu2Sb structure containing an FeP layer showing superconductivity with maximum Tc of 6K. This is the first 111 type iron pnictide superconductor containing no arsenic. The new superconductor is featured with itinerant behavior at normal state that could helpful to understand the novel superconducting mechanism of iron pnictide compounds.
We propose a unified description of cuprate and iron-based superconductivity. Consistency with magnetic structure inferred from neutron scattering implies significant constraints on the symmetry of the pairing gap for the iron-based superconductors. We find that this unification requires the orbital pairing formfactors for the iron arsenides to differ fundamentally from those for cuprates at the microscopic level.
It is shown that a generic form of an antiferromagnetic wave function opens strong electron-phonon coupling channels in the iron-based superconductors. In the nonmagnetic state these channels exist locally on a single iron atom, but are canceled out between the two iron atoms in the primitive unit cell. Our findings are based on symmetry and the presence of an xz/yz Fermi surface near the M point and thus should be relevant for the known iron-based pnictide or chalcogenide superconductors.
In this review, the authors present a summary of experimental reports on newly discovered iron-based superconductors as they were known at the end of 2008. At the same time, this paper is intended to be useful for experimenters to know the current status of these superconductors. The authors introduce experimental results that reveal basic physical properties in the normal and superconducting states. The similarities and differences between iron-pnictide superconductors and other unconventional superconductors are also discussed.
The second class of high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs), iron-based pnictides and chalcogenides, necessarily contain Fe$_2$$X_2$ ("$X$" refers to a pnictogen or a chalcogen element) layers, just like the first class of HTSCs which possess the essential CuO$_2$ sheets. So far, dozens of iron-based HTSCs, classified into nine groups, have been discovered. In this article, the crystal-chemistry aspects of the known iron-based superconductors are reviewed and summarized by employing "hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB)" concept. Based on these understandings, we propose an alternative route …
The band structure of iron-based superconductors gives rise to yet another scenario for the appearance of Dirac fermions. A viewpoint on "Observation of Dirac cone electronic dispersion in BaFe2As2" (Richard et.al., PRL 104, 137001 (2010)).
We have made a phase-sensitive measurement on the corner junction of the iron-based superconductor BaFe1.8Co0.2As2, and observed the typical Fraunhofer-like diffraction pattern. The result suggests that there is no phase shift between the a-c face and b-c face of a crystal, which indicates that the superconducting wavefunction of the iron based superconductor is different from that of a cuprate superconductor.
Specific heat measurements have been successfully used to probe unconventional superconducting phases in one-band heavy-fermion and organic superconductors. We extend the method to study successive phase transitions in multi-band materials such as iron based superconductors. The signatures are multiple peaks in the specific heat, at low temperatures and high magnetic field, which can lead the experimental verification of unconventional superconducting states with non-zero total momentum.
High-transition temperature (high-$T_c$) superconductivity in the iron pnictides/chalcogenides emerges from the suppression of the static antiferromagnetic order in their parent compounds, similar to copper oxides superconductors. This raises a fundamental question concerning the role of magnetism in the superconductivity of these materials. Neutron scattering, a powerful probe to study the magnetic order and spin dynamics, plays an essential role in determining the relationship between magnetism and superconductivity in high-$T_c$ superconductors. The rapid development of modern neutron time-…
We report the first variational Monte Carlo (VMC) study of the iron-based superconductors. We use realistic band structures, and the ordering instabilities/variational ansatzs are suggested by previous functional renormalization group calculations. We examine antiferromagnetism, superconducting pairing, normal state fermi surface distortion, and orbital order in the antiferromagnetic state.
We show that the strong hybridization between the iron 3d and the arsenic 4p orbitals, in the newly discovered iron-based high-T$_{c}$ superconductors, leads to an explanation of certain experimental observations that are presently not well understood. The existence of a lattice distortion, the smallness of the Fe magnetic moment in the undoped systems, and the suppression of both the lattice distortion and the magnetic order upon doping with fluorine, are all shown to result from this hybridization.
We consider superconductivity in the presence of impurities in a two-band model suited for the description of iron-based superconductors. We analyze the effect of interband scattering processes on superconductivity, allowing for orbital, i.e., nonspin-magnetic but time-reversal symmetry-breaking impurities. Pair breaking in such systems is described by a nontrivial phase in an interband-scattering matrix element. We find that the transition temperature of conventional superconductors can be suppressed due to interband scattering, whereas unconventional superconductors may be unaffected. We als…
We propose a modified Josephson corner-junction experiment which can test whether the order parameter in the iron pnictides changes sign between the electron and hole pockets of the Fermi surface.
We present the first infrared and optical study in the normal state of ab-plane oriented single crystals of the iron-oxypnictide superconductor LaFePO. We find that this material is a low carrier density metal with a moderate level of correlations and exhibits signatures of electron-boson coupling. The data is consistent with the presence of coherent quasiparticles in LaFePO.
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has made tremendous progress in the study and understanding of both classical and unconventional superconductors. This has motivated a rapidly growing effort to apply the same techniques to the iron-based high-Tc superconductors since their discovery in 2008. Five years have brought exciting advances in imaging and spectroscopic investigation of this new class of materials. In this review, we focus on several recent STM contributions to the identification of the gap symmetry and pairing glue. We highlight the unique capabilities and challenges still ahead fo…
The varying metallic antiferromagnetic correlations observed in iron-based superconductors are unified in a model consisting of both itinerant electrons and localized spins. The decisive factor is found to be the sensitive competition between the superexchange antiferromagnetism and the orbital-degenerate double-exchange ferromagnetism. Our results reveal the crucial role of Hund's rule coupling for the strongly correlated nature of the system and suggest that the iron-based superconductors are closer kin to manganites than cuprates in terms of their diverse magnetism and incoherent normal-sta…
Electronic correlations were long suggested not only to be responsible for the complexity of many novel materials, but also to form essential prerequisites for their intriguing properties. Electronic behavior of iron-based superconductors is far from conventional, while the reason for that is not yet understood. Here we present a combined study of the electronic spectrum in the iron-based superconductor FeSe by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). Both methods in unison reveal strong deviations of the spectrum from single-electron a…
We examine the relevance of several major material-dependent parameters to the magnetic softness in iron-base superconductors by first-principles electronic structure analysis of their parent compounds. The results are explained in the spin-fermion model where localized spins and orbitally degenerate itinerant electrons coexist and are coupled by Hund's rule coupling. We found that the difference in the strength of the Hund's rule coupling term is the major material-dependent microscopic parameter for determining the ground-state spin pattern. The magnetic softness in iron-based superconductor…
Iron-base superconductors exhibits features of systems where the Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase, a superconducting state with non-zero total momentum of Cooper pairs, is actively sought. Experimental and theoretical evidence points strongly to the FFLO phase in these materials above the Pauli limit. In this article we discuss the ground state of iron-base superconductors near the critical magnetic field and the full $h-T$ phase diagram for pnictides in case of intra-band pairing, in a three-band model with $s_{\pm}$ symmetry.
Alkali-doped iron selenide is the latest member of high Tc superconductor family, and its peculiar characters have immediately attracted extensive attention. We prepared high-quality potassium-doped iron selenide (KxFe2-ySe2) thin films by molecular beam epitaxy and unambiguously demonstrated the existence of phase separation, which is currently under debate, in this material using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. The stoichiometric superconducting phase KFe2Se2 contains no iron vacancies, while the insulating phase has a \surd5\times\surd5 vacancy order. The iron vacancies are …
The low temperature variation of the London penetration depth for a number of iron-pnictide and iron-chalcogenide superconductors is nearly quadratic, $Δλ(T) = βT^n$ with $n\approx 2$. The coefficient in this dependence shows a robust scaling, $β\propto 1/T_c^3$ across different families of these materials. We associate the scaling with a strong pair-breaking. The same mechanism have recently been suggested to explain the scalings of the specific heat jump, $ΔC \propto T_c^3$, and of the slopes of the upper critical field, $dH_{c2}/dT\propto T_c$ in these materials. This suggests that thermody…
We briefly review the recently constructed two orbital microscopic model for iron-based superconductors based on $S_4$ symmetry (PRX 2 021009(2012)). With this faithful representation of the kinematics of the tri-layer FeAs or FeSe structure, the model provides answers and physical pictures to fundamental questions related to the robustness of superconductivity and pairing symmetry, unifies different families of iron-based superconductors, casts new insight into the connections to the other high $T_c$ superconductors, cuprates, and reveals why an s-wave pairing can be stabilized by repulsive i…
Quasiparticle excitations provide viable information on the physics of unconventional superconductors. Higgs and Leggett modes are some of the classic examples. Another important bosonic excitation is the spin exciton originating from the sign-changing superconducting gap structure. Here we report a direct observation of the temperature-dependent spin exciton in the Andreev spectra of iron-based superconductors. Combined with the other experimental evidence, our observation confirms the extended $s$-wave ($s_\pm$) order parameter symmetry and indirectly proves the spin-fluctuation mechanism of…
Under the assumption that superconducting pairing is driven by local d-p hybridization, we show that the superconducting state in iron-based superconductors is classified as an odd parity s-wave spin-singlet pairing state in a single trilayer FeAs/Se, the building block of the materials. In a low energy effective model with only d-orbitals in an iron square bipartite lattice, the superconducting order parameter in this state is a combination of a s-wave normal pairing between two sublattices and a s-wave $η$-pairing within the sublattices. Parity conservation was violated in proposed supercond…
Iron-based superconducting layered compounds have the second highest transition temperature after cuprate superconductors. Their discovery is a milestone in the history of high-temperature superconductivity and will have profound implications for high-temperature superconducting mechanism as well as industrial applications. Raman scattering has been extensively applied to correlated electron systems including the new superconductors due to its unique ability to probe multiple primary excitations and their coupling. In this review, we will give a brief summary of the existing Raman experiments …
Among the mysteries surrounding unconventional, strongly correlated superconductors is the possibility of spatial variations in their superfluid density. We use atomic-resolution Josephson scanning tunneling microscopy to reveal a strongly inhomogeneous superfluid in the iron-based superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45. By simultaneously measuring the topographic and electronic properties, we find that this inhomogeneity in the superfluid density is not caused by structural disorder or strong inter-pocket scattering, and does not correlate with variations in Cooper pair-breaking gap. Instead, we see a…
A microscopic model for the FeAs plane in the newly discovered Iron-based superconductors is proposed with the emphasis on the role of the orbital degeneracy between the Fe $3d_{xz}$ and $3d_{yz}$ orbital in the crystal field environment. The model predicts commensurate antiferromagnetic ordered ground state for the parent compounds and a d-wave superconducting ground state at finite doping. Inter-orbital couplings plays an interesting role in enhancing both orders. Correlated variational wave functions are proposed for both ordered phases.
We have performed x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements on the iron-based superconductor Sr$_2$VFeAsO$_{3-δ}$ to study the origin of weak ferromagnetism (WFM) reported for this compound. While Fe 3$d$ electrons show a magnetic response similar to the other iron pnictides, signals from V 3$d$ electrons remain finite at zero magnetic field and may be responsible for the WFM.
In this paper we study an effective model for the normal state of iron-based superconductors. It has separate, but interacting itinerant and localized degrees of freedom, originating from the d_xz and d_yz, and from d_xy iron orbitals respectively. At low temperatures, below a mean-field phase transition, these different states condense together in an excitonic order parameter. We show that at even lower temperature, after another phase transition, this ordered state can spontaneously break the C_4 lattice symmetry and become nematic. We propose this mechanism as an explanation of the tendency…
Parity is a fundamental quantum number to classify a state of matter. Materials rarely possess ground states with odd parity. We show that the superconducting state in iron-based superconductors is classified as an odd parity s-wave spin-singlet pairing state in a single trilayer FeAs/Se, the building block of the materials. In a low energy effective model constructed on the Fe square bipartite lattice, the superconducting order parameter in this state is a combination of a s-wave normal pairing between two sublattices and a s-wave $η$-pairing within the sublattices. Parity conservation was vi…
In a fully-gapped superconductor the electronic Raman response has a pair-breaking peak at twice the superconducting gap $Δ$, if the Bogoliubov excitations are uncorrelated. Motivated by the iron based superconductors, we study how this peak is modified if the superconducting phase hosts a nematic-structural quantum critical point. We show that, upon approaching this point by tuning, e.g., doping, the growth of nematic correlations between the quasiparticles transforms the pair-breaking peak into a nematic resonance. The mode energy is below 2$Δ$, and stays finite at the quantum critical point…
We propose that impurity-induced electronic nematic state is realized above the orthorhombic structure transition temperature $T_S$ in iron-pnictide superconductors. In the presence of strong orbital fluctuations near $T_S$, it is theoretically revealed that a single impurity induces non-local orbital order with $C_2$-symmetry, consistently with recent STM/STS measurements. Each impurity-induced $C_2$ orbital order aligns along a-axis by applying tiny uniaxial pressure along b-axis. In this impurity-induced nematic phase, the resistivity shows sizable in-plane anisotropy ($ρ_b/ρ_a \sim 2$) eve…
Triplet pairing, orbital selectivity and correlations in Iron-based superconductors
University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung（马克斯·普朗克固体研究所）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）；Royal Holloway, University of London（伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院）
We have investigated the electron correlation effect on the electronic structures and transport properties of the iron-based superconductors using the density functional theory (DFT) and dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). By considering the Fe 3d electron correlation using the DMFT, the bandwidth near the Fermi level is substantially suppressed compared to the conventional DFT calculation. Because of the different renormalization factors of each 3d orbital, the DMFT gives considerably reduced electrical anisotropy compared to the DFT results, which explains the unusually small anisotropic res…
In the iron pnictide superconductors, theoretical calculations have consistently shown enhancements of the static magnetic susceptibility at both the stripe-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) and in-plane ferromagnetic (FM) wavevectors. However, the possible existence of FM fluctuations has not yet been examined from a microscopic point of view. Here, using $^{75}$As NMR data, we provide clear evidence for the existence of FM spin correlations in both the hole- and electron-doped BaFe$_2$As$_2$ families of iron-pnictide superconductors. These FM fluctuations appear to compete with superconductivity …
An exact particle-hole transformation is discovered in a local-moment model for a single layer of heavily electron-doped FeSe. The model harbors hidden magnetic order between the iron d_xz and d_yz orbitals at the wavenumber (pi,pi). It potentially is tied to the magnetic resonances about the very same Neel ordering vector that have been recently discovered in intercalated FeSe. Upon electron doping, the local-moment model successfully accounts for the electron-pocket Fermi surfaces observed experimentally at the corner of the two-iron Brillouin zone in electron-doped FeSe, as well as for isot…
We study the superconducting instability mediated by spin fluctuations in the Eliashberg theory for a minimal two-band model of iron-based superconductors. While antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations can drive superconductivity (SC) as is well established, we find that spin fluctuations necessarily contain a contribution to suppress SC even though SC can eventually occur at lower temperatures. This self-restraint effect stems from a general feature of the spin-fluctuation mechanism, namely the repulsive pairing interaction, which leads to phase frustration of the pairing gap and consequently the…
We discuss the role of strong Coulomb interactions in iron-based superconductors (FeSCs). The presumed $s^{\pm}$ character of these superconductors means that the condensate is not symmetry protected against Coulomb repulsion. Remarkably, the transition temperatures and the excitation gap are quite robust across the large family of iron based superconductors, despite drastic changes in Fermi surface geometry. The Coulomb problem is to understand how these superconductors avoid the strong onsite Coulomb interaction at the iron atoms, while maintaining a robust transition temperature. Within the…
Motivated by the newly-discovered intercalated iron chalcogenide superconductors, we construct a single orbital tight-binding model for topological insulators on the square lattice with a perfect vacancy superstructure. We find that such lattice structure naturally accommodates a non-vanishing geometry phase associated with the next-nearest-neighbor spin-orbit interaction. By calculating the bulk band structures and the finite stripe edge states, we show that the topological insulator phases can be tuned at certain electron fillings in a wide range of the model parameters. The possible implica…
We report Raman scattering measurement of charge nematic fluctuations in the tetragonal phase of BaFe$_2$As$_2$ and Sr(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_x$)$_2$As$_2$ (x=0.04) single crystals. In both systems, the observed nematic fluctuations are found to exhibit divergent Curie-Weiss like behavior with very similar characteristic temperature scales, indicating a universal tendency towards charge nematic order in 122 iron-based superconductors.
We perform a systematic quantum Monte Carlo study of the pairing correlation in the $S_4$ symmetric microscopic model for iron-based superconductors. It is found that the pairing with an extensive s-wave symmetry robustly dominates over other pairings at low temperature in reasonable parameter region. The pairing susceptibility, the effective pairing interaction and the $(π,0)$antiferromagnetic correlation strongly increase as the on-site Coulomb interaction increases, indicating the importance of the effect of electron-electron correlation. Our non-biased numerical results provide a unified u…
We report a first study of low energy electronic structure and Fermi surface topology for the recently discovered iron-based superconductor Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 (the 10-3-8 phase, with Tc = 8K), via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Despite its triclinic crystal structure, ARPES results reveal a fourfold symmetric band structure with the absence of Dirac-cone-like Fermi dots (related to magnetism) found around the Brillouin zone corners in other iron-based superconductors. Considering that the triclinic lattice and structural supercell arising from the Pt3As8 intermediary lay…
We present a two-fluid description for iron-based superconductors, which contains an itinerant electron Fermi-liquid and a local moment spin-liquid, coupled together via an effective Hund's rule interaction. We examine the low-energy collective behavior of such a system. We find that an electron-spinon composite mode emerges in the intermediate coupling regime, which may account for the hump-dip behavior observed in the resent scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments. The superconductivity and spin-density-wave phases are consistently described within the same framework. Possible experiment…
Within the Landau paradigm of continuous phase transitions, ordered states of matter are characterized by a broken symmetry. Although the broken symmetry is usually evident, determining the driving force behind the phase transition is often a more subtle matter due to coupling between otherwise distinct order parameters. In this paper we show how measurement of the divergent nematic susceptibility of an iron pnictide superconductor unambiguously distinguishes an electronic nematic phase transition from a simple ferroelastic distortion. These measurements also reveal an electronic nematic quant…
The experimentally observed bad metal behavior in parent iron pnictides and chalcogenides suggests that these systems contain strong electronic correlations and are on the verge of a metal-to-insulator transition. The magnetic excitations in this bad-metal regime mainly derive from the incoherent part of the electronic spectrum away from the Fermi energy. We present a microscopic study of the exchange interactions in such a regime within a slave rotor approach. We find that the exchange interaction is maximized near the Mott transition. Generalizations to the multi-orbital case are discussed, …
Study of superconductivity in layered iron-based materials was initiated in 2006 by Hosono's group, and boosted in 2008 by the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of 26 K in LaFeAsO1-xFx. Since then, enormous researches have been done on the materials, with Tc reaching as high as 55 K. Here, we review briefly experimental and theoretical results on atomic and electronic structures and magnetic and superconducting properties of FeAs-based superconductors and related compounds. We seek for clues for unconventional superconductivity in the materials.
We report 19-F NMR investigation of the new high temperature superconductor LaFeAsO(0.89)F(0.11) (Tc ~ 28K). We demonstrate that low frequency spin fluctuations exhibit pseudo gap behavior above Tc. We also deduce the London penetration depth lambda from NMR line broadening below Tc.
We present the ground state pairing correlations in the $S_4$ symmetric microscopic model for iron-based superconductors, computed with the constrained-path Monte Carlo method. For various electron fillings and interaction strengths, we find that the $s_{xy}$ pairing dominates over other pairing correlations and is positive when the pair separation exceeds several lattice constants, whatever for iron pnictides and iron chlcogenides. These ground state properties, especially the long range part pairing correlations re-confirm the previous finite temperature results published in Phys. Rev. Lett.…
Electronic nematicity is often found in unconventional superconductors, suggesting its relevance for electronic pairing. In the strongly hole-doped iron-based superconductors, the symmetry channel and strength of the nematic fluctuations, as well as the possible presence of long-range nematic order, remain controversial. Here, we address these questions using transport measurements under elastic strain. By decomposing the strain response into the appropriate symmetry channels, we demonstrate the emergence of a giant in-plane symmetric contribution, associated with the growth of both strong ele…
Starting from the simplified analytic model of electronic spectrum of iron - pnictogen (chalcogen) high - temperature superconductors close to the Fermi level, we discuss the influence of antiferromagneting (AFM)scattering both for stoichiometric case and the region of possible short - range order AFM fluctuations in doped compounds. Qualitative picture of the evolution of electronic spectrum and Fermi surfaces (FS) for different dopings is presented, with the aim of comparison with existing and future ARPES experiments. Both electron and hole dopings are considered and possible pseudogap beha…
A Heisenberg model over the square lattice recently introduced by Si and Abrahams to describe local-moment magnetism in the new class of Fe-As high-Tc superconductors is analyzed in the classical limit and on a small cluster by exact diagonalization. In the case of spin-1 iron atoms, large enough Heisenberg exchange interactions between neighboring spin-1/2 moments on different iron 3d orbitals that frustrate true magnetic order lead to hidden magnetic order that violates Hund's rule. It accounts for the low ordered magnetic moment observed by elastic neutron diffraction in an undoped parent c…
We use scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the doping dependence of quasiparticle interference (QPI) in NaFe1-xCoxAs iron-based superconductors. The goal is to study the relation between nematic fluctuations and Cooper pairing. In the parent and underdoped compounds, where four-fold rotational symmetry is broken macroscopically, the QPI patterns reveal strong rotational anisotropy. At optimal doping, however, the QPI patterns are always four-fold symmetric. We argue this implies small nematic susceptibility and hence insignificant nematic fluctuation in optimally doped iron pnictides.…
The multipocket Fermi surfaces of iron-based superconductors promote pairing states with both s_{+-}-wave and d_{x^2-y^2}-wave symmetry. We argue that the competition between these two order parameters could lead to a time-reversal-symmetry breaking state with s+id-pairing symmetry in the iron-based superconductors, and propose serveral scenarios in which this phase may be found. To understand the emergence of such a pairing state on a more rigorous footing, we start from a microscopic 5-orbital description representative for the pnictides. Using a combined approach of functional renormalizati…
Unconventional superconductivity in iron pnictides and chalcogenides has been suggested to be controlled by the interplay of low-energy antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and the particular topology of the Fermi surface in these materials. Based on this premise, one would also expect the large class of isostructural and isoelectronic iron germanide compounds to be good superconductors. As a matter of fact, they, however, superconduct at very low temperatures or not at all. In this work we establish that superconductivity in iron germanides is suppressed by strong ferromagnetic tendencies, whi…
Pairing symmetry is important to indentify the pairing mechanism. The analysis becomes particularly timely and important for the newly discovered iron-based multi-orbital superconductors. From group theory point of view we classified all pairing matrices (in the orbital space) that carry irreducible representations of the system. The quasiparticle gap falls into three categories: full, nodal and gapless. The nodal-gap states show conventional Volovik effect even for on-site pairing. The gapless states are odd in orbital space, have a negative superfluid density and are therefore unstable. In c…
The interplay of structural and electronic phases in iron-based superconductors is a central theme in the search for the superconducting pairing mechanism. While electronic nematicity, defined as the breaking of four-fold symmetry triggered by electronic degrees of freedom, is competing with superconductivity, the effect of purely structural orthorhombic order is unexplored. Here, using x-ray diffraction (XRD), we reveal a new structural orthorhombic phase with an exceptionally high onset temperature ($T_\mathrm{ort} \sim 250$ K), which coexists with superconductivity ($T_\mathrm{c} = 25$ K), …
We propose a simple way to parameterize the gap function in iron pnictides. The key idea is to use orbital representation, not band representation, and to assume real-space short-range pairing. Our parameterization reproduces fairly well the structure of gap function obtained in microscopic calculation. At the same time the present parameterization is simple enough to obtain an intuitive picture and to develop a phenomenological theory. We also discuss simplification of the treatment of the superconducting state.
We theoretically examine the orbital excitations coupled to the spin degree of freedom in the parent state of the iron-arsenide superconductor, based on the calculation in a five-band itinerant model. The calculated Fe $L_3$-edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra disclose the presence of spin-flip excitations involving several specific orbitals. Magnon excitations predominantly composed of a single orbital component can be seen in experiments, although its spectral weight is smaller than spin-flipped interorbital high-energy excitations. The detailed polarization and momentum …
