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arXiv 1608.03216astro-ph.EPphysics.ao-ph
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富凝结大气中的对流

Convection in Condensible-rich Atmospheres

Feng Ding, Raymond T. Pierrehumbert

摘要:

可凝结物质在行星大气中几乎无处不在。对于最常见的情况--地球当前气候中的水蒸气--可凝气体是稀释的,在这个意义上,它的浓度相对于不可凝背景气体到处都很小。许多重要的行星气候问题都涉及到不可稀释的可凝结物质。这些行星包括接近或正在经历水蒸气逃逸的行星,以及靠近传统宜居带外缘的行星,其中二氧化碳是可冷凝的。气候模式中对流的标准表示依赖于几种仅适用于稀释极限的近似,而非稀释对流在根本上不同于稀释对流。本文导出了一个简单的对流参数化方法,它适用于非稀释边界和稀释边界,并用来讨论非稀释对流的基本性质。详细讨论了该方案的能量守恒性质,并在辐射对流模拟中进行了验证。作为该方案的行为的进一步说明,结果失控的温室大气稳定星座和季节性变化的星座对应于一个高度偏心的轨道。后一种情况说明,与非稀释大气中的潜热有关的高热惯性可以减弱甚至极端季节强迫的影响。

英文摘要:

Condensible substances are nearly ubiquitous in planetary atmospheres. For the most familiar case-water vapor in Earth's present climate-the condensible gas is dilute, in the sense that its concentration is everywhere small relative to the noncondensible background gases. A wide variety of important planetary climate problems involve nondilute condensible substances. These include planets near or undergoing a water vapor runaway and planets near the outer edge of the conventional habitable zone, for which CO2 is the condensible. Standard representations of convection in climate models rely on several approximations appropriate only to the dilute limit, while nondilute convection differs in fundamental ways from dilute convection. In this paper, a simple parameterization of convection valid in the nondilute as well as dilute limits is derived and used to discuss the basic character of nondilute convection. The energy conservation properties of the scheme are discussed in detail and are verified in radiative-convective simulations. As a further illustration of the behavior of the scheme, results for a runaway greenhouse atmosphere for both steady instellation and seasonally varying instellation corresponding to a highly eccentric orbit are presented. The latter case illustrates that the high thermal inertia associated with latent heat in nondilute atmospheres can damp out the effects of even extreme seasonal forcing.

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