We consider limits on the local ($z=0$) density ($n_0$) of extragalactic neutrino sources set by the nondetection of steady high-energy neutrino sources producing $\gtrsim50$ TeV muon multiplets in the present IceCube data, taking into account the redshift evolution, luminosity function and neutrino spectrum of the sources. We show that the lower limit depends moderately on source spectra and strongly on redshift evolution. We find $n_0\gtrsim{10}^{-8}-{10}^{-7}~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}$ for standard candle sources evolving rapidly, $n_s\propto{(1+z)}^3$, and $n_0\gtrsim{10}^{-6}-{10}^{-5}~{\rm Mpc}^{-3}$ for nonevolving sources. The corresponding upper limits on their neutrino luminosity are $L_{ν_μ}^{\rm eff}\lesssim10^{42}-10^{43}~{\rm erg}~{\rm s}^{-1}$ and $L_{ν_μ}^{\rm eff}\lesssim10^{41}-10^{42}~{\rm erg}~{\rm s}^{-1}$, respectively. Applying these results to a wide range of classes of potential sources, we show that powerful blazar jets associated with active galactic nuclei are unlikely to be the dominant sources. For almost all other steady candidate source classes (including starbursts, radio galaxies, and galaxy clusters and groups), an order of magnitude increase in the detector sensitivity at $\sim0.1-1$ PeV will enable a detection (as point sources) of the few brightest objects. Such an increase, which may be provided by next-generation detectors like IceCube-Gen2 and an upgraded KM3NET, can improve the limit on $n_0$ by more than two orders of magnitude. Future gamma-ray observations (by Fermi, HAWC and CTA) will play a key role in confirming the association of the neutrinos with their sources.
Constraining the Physical Conditions in the Jets of Gamma-ray Flaring Blazars using Centimeter-Band Polarimetry and Radiative Transfer Simulations. II. Exploring Parameter Space and Implications
Prospects of constraining the dense matter equation of state from the timing analysis of pulsars in double neutron star binaries: the cases of PSR J0737-3039A and PSR J1757-1854
Synergy of short gamma ray burst and gravitational wave observations: Constraining the inclination angle of the binary and possible implications for off-axis gamma ray bursts
Constraining the intrinsic population of Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: implications for spectral correlations, cosmic evolution and their use as tracers of star formation
Constraining the gravitational-wave emission of core-collapse supernovae with ground-based detectors
Institute for Frontier in Astronomy and Astrophysics and Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学前沿天文与天体物理研究所和文理学院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理与天文学院）
