Globular clusters (GCs) are known to harbor multiple stellar populations. To explain these observations Bastian et al. suggested a scenario in which a second population is formed by the accretion of enriched material onto the low-mass stars in the initial GC population. The idea is that the low-mass, pre-main sequence stars sweep up gas expelled by the massive stars of the same generation into their protoplanetary disc as they move through the GC core. We perform simulations with 2 different smoothed particle hydrodynamics codes to investigate if a low-mass star surrounded by a protoplanetary disc can accrete the amount of enriched material required in this scenario. We focus on the gas loading rate onto the disc and star as well as on the lifetime of the disc. We find that the gas loading rate is a factor of 2 smaller than the geometric rate, because the effective cross section of the disc is smaller than its surface area. The loading rate is consistent for both codes, irrespective of resolution. The disc gains mass in the high resolution runs, but loses angular momentum on a time scale of 10^4 yrs. Two effects determine the loss of (specific) angular momentum in our simulations: 1) continuous ram pressure stripping and 2) accretion of material with no azimuthal angular momentum. Our study and previous work suggest that the former, dominant process is mainly caused by numerical rather than physical effects, while the latter is not. The latter process causes the disc to become more compact, increasing the surface density profile at smaller radii. The disc size is determined in the first place by the ram pressure when the flow first hits the disc. Further evolution is governed by the decrease in the specific angular momentum of the disc. We conclude that the size and lifetime of the disc are probably not sufficient to accrete the amount of mass required in Bastian et al.'s scenario.
Spiral formation caused by late infall onto protoplanetary disks
Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg（海德堡大学天文中心理论天体物理研究所）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano（米兰大学物理系）
Rapid destruction of protoplanetary discs due to externalphotoevaporation in star-forming regions
我们分析了恒星形成区的N体模拟，以研究大质量恒星外部远紫外光蒸发对原行星盘的影响。通过改变模拟恒星形成区域的初始条件，如空间分布，净体积运动（维里比）和密度，我们调查哪些参数最影响光盘分散由于外部光蒸发的速率。我们发现，光盘分散由于外部光蒸发是更快的高度亚结构的恒星形成区域比在光滑和集中的地区。亚维里恒星形成区域发生坍缩也显示出比处于维里平衡或正在膨胀的区域更高的星盘分散率。在中等密度（$\sim$ 100 M $_{\odot}$ pc $^{-3}$）区域，半径$\geq$ 100 AU的所有原行星盘中有一半在100万年内被光蒸发，比目前观测研究提出的速度快三倍。在低密度恒星形成区（$\sim$ 10 M $_{\odot}$ pc $^{-3}$）的星盘存活时间更长，但一半的星盘仍然分散在较短的时间尺度上（$\sim$ 2 Myr）。这表明恒星形成区的初始条件将极大地影响原行星盘的演化和寿命。这些结果也意味着，要么气体巨星行星形成是非常迅速的，发生在盘的气体成分被蒸发之前，要么气体巨星只形成在低密度的恒星形成区域，那里没有大质量恒星存在，以从原行星盘中光蒸发气体。
