由太阳系资料指导的系外行星和褐矮星的闪电气候学
Lightning climatology of exoplanets and brown dwarfs guided by Solar System data
摘要：
云形成于太阳系外行星和褐矮星上，那里可能发生闪电。闪电是太阳系大气对流、云形成和电离过程的示踪物，可能对生命前分子的形成具有重要意义。我们研究地球、金星、木星和土星不同大气环境的闪电气候学。我们目前的闪电分布图地球，木星和土星，和闪光密度为这些行星和金星，基于光学和/或无线电测量从WWLLN和STARNET无线电网络，LIS/OTD卫星仪器，伽利略，卡西尼，新地平线和金星快车航天器。我们还提出了两个火山爆发，埃亚菲亚德拉火山（2010年）和Mt Redoubt的（2009年）的几个阶段计算的闪光密度。我们估计样品，过境和直接成像的太阳系外行星和褐矮星的闪电率。根据系外行星种类繁多的特点，我们提出了六类利用太阳系闪电发生信息的系外行星。我们研究地球，木星和土星的闪电能量分布。我们讨论如何强大的恒星活动可能支持闪电活动。我们提供了一个较低的闪光总数，可能会发生在过境行星在其完全过境输入为未来的研究。我们发现火山非常活跃的行星可能会显示出最大的闪电密度。应用2010/11年土星大风暴的闪电密度，我们发现系外行星HD 189733 b即使在短暂的凌日期间也会产生高闪电发生率。
英文摘要：
Clouds form on extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs where lightning could occur. Lightning is a tracer of atmospheric convection, cloud formation and ionization processes as known from the Solar System, and may be significant for the formation of prebiotic molecules. We study lightning climatology for the different atmospheric environments of Earth, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. We present lightning distribution maps for Earth, Jupiter and Saturn, and flash densities for these planets and Venus, based on optical and/or radio measurements from the WWLLN and STARNET radio networks, the LIS/OTD satellite instruments, the Galileo, Cassini, New Horizons and Venus Express spacecraft. We also present flash densities calculated for several phases of two volcano eruptions, Eyjafjallajökull's (2010) and Mt Redoubt's (2009). We estimate lightning rates for sample, transiting and directly imaged extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. Based on the large variety of exoplanets, six categories are suggested for which we use the lightning occurrence information from the Solar System. We examine lightning energy distributions for Earth, Jupiter and Saturn. We discuss how strong stellar activity may support lightning activity. We provide a lower limit of the total number of flashes that might occur on transiting planets during their full transit as input for future studies. We find that volcanically very active planets might show the largest lightning flash densities. When applying flash densities of the large Saturnian storm from 2010/11, we find that the exoplanet HD 189733b would produce high lightning occurrence even during its short transit.
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