A theoretical frame for two-photon photoemission is derived from the general theory of pump-probe photoemission, assuming that not only the probe but also the pump pulse is sufficiently weak. This allows us to use a perturbative approach to compute the lesser Green function within the Keldysh formalism. Two-photon photoemission spectroscopy is a widely used analytical tool to study non-equilibrium phenomena in solid materials. Our theoretical approach aims at a material-specific, realistic and quantitative description of the time-dependent spectrum based on a picture of effectively independent electrons as described by the local-density approximation in band-structure theory. To this end we follow Pendry's one-step theory of the photoemission process as close as possible and heavily make use of concepts of multiple-scattering theory, such as the representation of the final state by a time-reversed low-energy electron diffraction state. The formalism is fully relativistic and allows for a quantitative calculation of the time-dependent photocurrent for moderately correlated systems like simple metals or more complex compounds like topological insulators. An application to the Ag(100) surface is discussed in detail.
Ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with widely tunable probe photon energy of 5.3-7.0 eV for investigating dynamics of three-dimensional materials
时间和角度分辨光电子能谱(TrARPES)是一种用于捕获载流子超快动力学和揭示量子材料中光致相变的强大技术。然而,缺乏广泛可调的探测光子能量,这是至关重要的访问在不同的面外动量$k_z$在TrARPES测量的色散,阻碍了三维量子材料,如狄拉克或外尔半金属的超快动力学研究。在这里,我们报告了一个高度可调的探测光子能量从5.3到7.0 eV的TrARPES系统的发展。可调谐探测光子能量由可调谐波长飞秒激光源的四次谐波产生产生,通过组合$β$ $_2$ O $_4$(BBO)晶体和KBe $_2$ O $_3$ F $_2$(KBBF)晶体。在三维拓扑材料$_5$和Sb $_2$ Te $_3$上实现了29 - 48 meV的高能量分辨率和280 - 320 fs的时间分辨率。我们的工作为探索3D量子材料中的超快动力学开辟了新的机会。
Polarization-Modulated Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy: Towards Circular Dichroism without Circular Photons and Bloch Wavefunction Reconstruction
Extreme Ultraviolet Time- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy with 21.5 meV Resolution using High-Order Harmonic Generation from a Turn-Key Yb:KGW Amplifier
表征和控制量子材料的电子性质需要在动量空间的大区域上直接测量非平衡电子能带结构。在这里,我们展示了一个实验装置的时间和角度分辨的光电子能谱使用高次谐波探测脉冲产生的一个强大的,中等高功率(20 W)Yb:KGW放大器与可调重复频率在50和150 kHz之间。通过驱动高次谐波产生(HHG)的基本1025 nm的激光脉冲的二次谐波,我们表明,在21.8 eV的光子能量的单谐波探测脉冲可以有效地隔离,而不使用单色器。在50 kHz下,靶上光子通量可以达到5 x 10^10光子/秒,并且测量的时间分辨率为320 fs。Yb驱动的HHG源的相对较长的脉冲持续时间使我们能够达到21.5 meV的优异能量分辨率,这是通过在150 kHz的较高重复率下使用1.5 x 10^8光子/秒的低光子通量抑制空间电荷展宽来实现的。通过测量拓扑半金属ZrSiS和拓扑绝缘体Sb 2-xGdxTe 3的设置的能力证明。
Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3 Studied by Time-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy
我们用时间和角度分辨光电子能谱对拓扑绝缘体Bi $_2$ Se $_3$进行了表征.利用双光子光电子能谱,得到了从费米能级到真空能级的完整的电子结构图。我们证明,未被占据的态具有第二个狄拉克表面态,该表面态可以被1.5 eV的光子共振激发。然后我们研究了光激发后的超快弛豫过程。我们发现,他们最终在一个持久的非平衡人口的第一狄拉克表面状态,这是由一个亚稳定人口的体导带。最后,我们对导带中的电子-声子散射过程进行了温度相关的研究,并发现了意想不到的结果,即它们的速率随着样品温度的升高而降低。我们开发了一个模型的声子发射和吸收人口的电子,并表明,这种反直觉的趋势是自然的结果,基本的电子-声子散射过程。这种分析作为一个重要的提醒,时间分辨光电发射提取的衰变率一般不等于单电子散射率,但包括从连续状态的填充和排空过程的贡献。