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arXiv 1604.06960astro-ph.SR
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塞曼多普勒图:真实的和虚假的

Zeeman Doppler maps: the true and the spurious

Martin J. Stift

摘要:

ApBp星磁性大气中原子扩散的数值模型预测的丰度结构不同于(塞曼)多普勒映射(ZDM)得出的经验丰度图。而这两个平衡丰度分层计算和固定的解决方案,随时间变化的扩散方程预测(扭曲)环的磁赤道在偶极磁几何形状,斑点状结构占主导地位的出版地图。对这种明显的分歧进行深入分析,研究了通过ZDM对各种丰度结构的可探测性,包括理论预测的(扭曲)环,以及一些复杂的点状结构。事实证明,许多已发表的地图必须被认为是虚假的,因为强磁场被忽略了,或者因为它们是基于光子噪声占主导地位的光谱,而不是所谓的丰度结构的信号。即使当高信噪比的光谱可用时,也可以证明完全不可能正确地恢复仅仅少数斑点的形状、位置和丰度,即使使用所有4个斯托克斯参数并知道场几何形状,(弯曲)环的恢复也同样具有挑战性。根据一条或两条谱线对复杂丰度图进行反演,通常可以得到多种解。事实证明,不能保证正确选择的正则化函数将导致真正的丰度图。提请注意需要进行一项研究,阐明扩散理论预测的分层、场依存丰度结构与通过“规范”ZDM(即平均大气和非分层丰度)获得的经验图之间的关系。最后,我们指出的困难所产生的三维性质的磁性ApBp星大气中的原子扩散过程。

英文摘要:

Numerical models of atomic diffusion in magnetic atmospheres of ApBp stars predict abundance structures that differ from the empirical abundance maps derived with (Zeeman) Doppler mapping (ZDM). Whereas both equilibrium abundance stratification calculations and stationary solutions to the time-dependent diffusion equations predict (warped) rings about the magnetic equator in dipole-like magnetic geometries, spot-like structures dominate published maps. An in-depth analysis of this apparent disagreement investigates the detectability by means of ZDM of a variety of abundance structures, including (warped) rings predicted by theory, but also some complex spot-like structures. As it turns out, a number of published maps have to be considered spurious either because strong magnetic fields have been neglected or because they are based on spectra where photon noise dominates over the signal of the alleged abundance structures. Even when spectra of high signal to noise ratio are available, it can prove altogether impossible to correctly recover shapes, positions and abundances of a mere handful of spots, even using all 4 Stokes parameters and knowing the field geometry, the recovery of (warped) rings can be equally challenging. Inversions -- based on just one or two spectral lines -- of complex abundance maps usually admit of multiple solutions. It turns out that there is no guarantee that a properly chosen regularisation function will lead to the true abundance map. Attention is drawn to the need for a study that would elucidate the relation between the stratified, field-dependent abundance structures predicted by diffusion theory and empirical maps obtained by means of "canonical" ZDM, i.e. with mean atmospheres and unstratified abundances. Finally we point out difficulties arising from the 3D nature of the atomic diffusion process in magnetic ApBp star atmospheres.

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