塞曼多普勒地图。II：回避物理学的危险
Zeeman Doppler maps. II: the perils of eschewing physics
摘要：
对于化学奇特（CP）星水平丰度分布和磁几何的观测建模，塞曼多普勒成像（ZDM）已成为首选的方法。CP星的丰度图与原子扩散数值模拟的预测结果之间的比较总是不能令人满意，通常归咎于理论。扩展以前的研究，旨在澄清ZDM地图的唯一性问题，本文反转观测建模和时间相关的扩散结果之间的作用，铸造一个冷眼基本假设和算法ZDM，特别是吉洪诺夫风格的正则化泛函，从1D到3D。我们表明，这些已经建立了数学上的方便，但他们在没有办法反映在磁性CP星的大气层的物理现实。认识到在大多数良好的映射的恒星中观察到的强磁场要求场的几何形状是无力的，我们证明了许多出版的地图不满足这个条件。下面讨论了观测良好的恒星的磁场和丰度图的频繁变化，并对在ZDM分析中使用最小二乘解卷积提出了警告。它出现，因为场依赖的化学分层的复杂性和非线性，基于吉洪诺夫的ZDM反演不能恢复真实的丰度和磁性几何形状。正如我们的研究结果还表明，没有办法定义一个物理上有意义的3D正则化泛函。ZDM仍然功能失调，并没有提供任何原子扩散建模的观测约束。
英文摘要：
For the observational modeling of horizontal abundance distributions and of magnetic geometries in chemically peculiar (CP) stars, Zeeman Doppler mapping (ZDM) has become the method of choice. Comparisons between abundance maps obtained for CP stars and predictions from numerical simulations of atomic diffusion have always proved unsatisfactory, with the blame routinely put on theory. Expanding a previous study aimed at clarifying the question of the uniqueness of ZDM maps, this paper inverts the roles between observational modeling and time-dependent diffusion results, casting a cold eye on essential assumptions and algorithms underlying ZDM, in particular the Tikhonov-style regularization functionals, from 1D to 3D. We show that these have been established solely for mathematical convenience, but that they in no way reflect the physical reality in the atmospheres of magnetic CP stars. Recognizing that the observed strong magnetic fields in most well-mapped stars require the field geometry to be force-free, we demonstrate that many published maps do not meet this condition. There follows a discussion of the frequent changes in magnetic and abundance maps of well observed stars and a caveat concerning the use of least squares deconvolution in ZDM analyses. It emerges that because of the complexity and non-linearity of the field-dependent chemical stratifications, Tikhonov based ZDM inversions cannot recover the true abundance and magnetic geometries. As our findings additionally show, there is no way to define a physically meaningful 3D regularization functional instead. ZDM remains dysfunctional and does not provide any observational constraints for the modeling of atomic diffusion.
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