We analyze noise properties of time series of frequency data from different counting modes of a Keysight 53230A frequency counter. We use a 10 MHz reference signal from a passive hydrogen maser connected via phase-stable Huber+Suhner Sucoflex 104 cables to the reference and input connectors of the counter. We find that the high resolution gap-free (CONT) frequency counting process imposes long-term correlations in the output data, resulting in a modified Allan deviation that is characteristic of random walk phase noise. Equally important, the CONT mode results in a frequency bias. In contrast, the counter's undocumented raw continuous mode (RCON) yields unbiased frequency stability estimates with white phase noise characteristics, and of a magnitude consistent with the counter's 20 ps single-shot resolution. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a 100-point running average filter in conjunction with the RCON mode yields resolution enhanced frequency estimates with flicker phase noise characteristics. For instance, the counter's built-in moving-average function can be used. The improved noise characteristics of the averaged RCON mode versus the CONT mode imply that the former mode yields frequency estimates with improved confidence for a given measurement time.
Study of the response and photon-counting resolution of silicon photomultipliers using a generic simulation framework
我们提出了一个通用的框架模拟的硅光电倍增器（SiPMs），使详细的建模的SiPM响应使用基本的SiPM参数和几何形状作为输入。根据指定的SiPM属性，可以确定从基本的表征测量，模拟生成的信号电荷和脉冲形状的任意入射光脉冲分布。模拟已在整个动态范围内验证了滨松S10362-11- 100 C MPPC，并用于研究不同的噪声源，如光串扰和后脉冲的响应曲线和光子计数分辨率的影响。
Machine-Learning based photon counting for PMT waveforms and its application to the improvement of the energy resolution in large liquid scintillator detectors
Statistical analysis and correction of the pile-up effect in MAPMT single photoelectron counting with the SPACIROC-3 ASIC: application to the Mini-EUSO experiment
