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arXiv 1603.04656astro-ph.GA
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外星系中的恒星潮流

Stellar Tidal Streams in External Galaxies

Jeffrey L. Carlin, Rachael L. Beaton, David Martinez-Delgado, R. Jay Gabany

摘要:

为了把银河系和M31的高度亚结构的恒星晕放在一个更大的分层星系形成的背景下,有必要了解外部星系周围潮汐亚结构的普遍性和性质。本章详细介绍了我们的观测知识流在星系和超越本集团,这是在解决恒星星族和综合光研究的现状。河外星系中单个星系流的建模受到阻碍,因为我们无法获得星系流中恒星运动学的解析,尽管许多星系流包含交替发光的运动学示踪物,如球状星团或行星状星云。我们比较观察到的结构预测模型的星系晕的形成,这提供了深入了解的数量和属性的流预计银河系周围的星系。更具体地说,我们讨论的推论,可以只根据观察到的形态流祖细胞。我们扩大我们的讨论,考虑在较低的质量尺度的层次吸积,特别是观测证据表明,子结构存在于较小的质量尺度和吸积事件的影响可能对矮星系(卫星或孤立)的演化。最后,我们讨论了潜在的子结构的存在下,在晕和磁盘的结构特性之间的相关性。虽然已经取得了许多令人兴奋的发现潮汐子结构周围的外部星系,“全球”的问题,星系形成和演化通过分级吸积等待一个更完整的人口普查的低表面亮度的星系外围的本星系群内外。

英文摘要:

To place the highly substructured stellar halos of the Milky Way and M31 in a larger context of hierarchical galaxy formation, it is necessary to understand the prevalence and properties of tidal substructure around external galaxies. This chapter details the current state of our observational knowledge of streams in galaxies in and beyond the Local Group, which are studied both in resolved stellar populations and in integrated light. Modeling of individual streams in extragalactic systems is hampered by our inability to obtain resolved stellar kinematics in the streams, though many streams contain alternate luminous kinematic tracers, such as globular clusters or planetary nebulae. We compare the observed structures to the predictions of models of galactic halo formation, which provide insight in the number and properties of streams expected around Milky Way like galaxies. More specifically, we discuss the inferences that can be made about stream progenitors based only on observed morphologies. We expand our discussion to consider hierarchical accretion at lower mass scales, in particular the observational evidence that substructure exists on smaller mass scales and the effects accretion events may have on the evolution of dwarf galaxies (satellite or isolated). Lastly, we discuss potential correlations between the presence of substructure in the halo and the structural properties of the disk. While many exciting discoveries have been made of tidal substructures around external galaxies, the "global" questions of galaxy formation and evolution via hierarchical accretion await a more complete census of the low surface brightness outskirts of galaxies in and beyond the Local Group.

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