由高通量、硬光谱太阳质子事件引起的大气离子及其在ice core档案中的可能出现
Atmospheric ionization by high-fluence, hard spectrum solar proton events and their probable appearance in the ice core archive
摘要：
太阳高能粒子破坏大气层，导致产生氮氧化合物。有人认为，一些这样的事件是可见的硝酸盐层的冰芯，产生档案的能量，高通量太阳质子事件（SPE）。由于这些物质从平流层上部向下传输的速度缓慢，因此一直存在争议;过去基于分析计算的数值模拟显示，平流层中部以下的电离作用非常小。这些模拟有不足之处：它们只考虑软SPE和狭窄的能量范围;光谱拟合选择不当;除了少数例外，空气簇射中的次级粒子被忽略。使用改进的模拟，以下质子诱导的空气淋浴的发展，我们发现与最近的实验显示大量的过量电离到5公里的一致性。我们计算硝酸盐可从1956年2月23日SPE，这有一个高通量，硬光谱，以及解决相关的硝酸盐峰值在格陵兰冰芯。这是第一次，我们发现这一事件可以解释冰芯数据与及时（约2个月）运输向下46公里和表面之间，从而表明档案的高通量，硬光谱SPE覆盖了过去几千年。我们讨论了这一结果的解释，以及缺乏一个明确定义的硝酸盐尖峰与软谱1972年8月3日至4日SPE。我们认为，硬谱SPE，特别是在6个月的极地冬季，在冰芯中是可检测的，需要做更多的工作来调查这一点。
英文摘要：
Solar energetic particles ionize the atmosphere, leading to production of nitrogen oxides. It has been suggested that some such events are visible as layers of nitrate in ice cores, yielding archives of energetic, high fluence solar proton events (SPEs). There has been controversy, due to slowness of transport for these species down from the upper stratosphere; past numerical simulations based on an analytic calculation have shown very little ionization below the mid stratosphere. These simulations suffer from deficiencies: they consider only soft SPEs and narrow energy ranges; spectral fits are poorly chosen; with few exceptions secondary particles in air showers are ignored. Using improved simulations that follow development of the proton-induced air shower, we find consistency with recent experiments showing substantial excess ionization down to 5 km. We compute nitrate available from the 23 February 1956 SPE, which had a high fluence, hard spectrum, and well-resolved associated nitrate peak in a Greenland ice core. For the first time, we find this event can account for ice core data with timely (~ 2 months) transport downward between 46 km and the surface, thus indicating an archive of high fluence, hard spectrum SPE covering the last several millennia. We discuss interpretations of this result, as well as the lack of a clearly-defined nitrate spike associated with the soft-spectrum 3-4 August 1972 SPE. We suggest that hard-spectrum SPEs, especially in the 6 months of polar winter, are detectable in ice cores, and that more work needs to be done to investigate this.
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