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arXiv 1602.04183cs.ARcs.PF
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暗硅时代的暗内存和加速器丰富的系统优化

Dark Memory and Accelerator-Rich System Optimization in the Dark Silicon Era

Ardavan Pedram, Stephen Richardson, Sameh Galal, Shahar Kvatinsky, Mark A. Horowitz

摘要:

在暗硅时代提高性能的关键挑战是如何在晶体管不能同时使用的情况下利用它们。在现代SOC中,这些晶体管通常用于创建专用加速器,可将某些应用的能效提高10- 1000倍。虽然这看起来像是我们需要的灵丹妙药,但对于大多数CPU应用程序来说,更多的能量消耗在内存系统中而不是处理器中:只有当DRAM和存储层次结构大多处于空闲状态时,才有可能实现这些效率的大幅提升。我们将这种理想状态称为暗内存,它只发生在具有极端局部性形式的应用程序中。为了展示我们的研究结果,我们在计算单元、加速器和片上存储器/互连的能量/op和mm $^2$ /(ops/s)度量空间中引入帕累托曲线。这些帕累托曲线使我们能够解决功率,性能,面积约束优化问题,以确定应该使用哪些加速器,以及如何设置其设计参数来优化系统。该分析表明,存储器访问创建一个地板可实现的能量每操作。因此,高性能需要暗存储器,这反过来又需要协同设计的算法的并行性和局部性,与硬件。

英文摘要:

The key challenge to improving performance in the age of Dark Silicon is how to leverage transistors when they cannot all be used at the same time. In modern SOCs, these transistors are often used to create specialized accelerators which improve energy efficiency for some applications by 10-1000X. While this might seem like the magic bullet we need, for most CPU applications more energy is dissipated in the memory system than in the processor: these large gains in efficiency are only possible if the DRAM and memory hierarchy are mostly idle. We refer to this desirable state as Dark Memory, and it only occurs for applications with an extreme form of locality. To show our findings, we introduce Pareto curves in the energy/op and mm$^2$/(ops/s) metric space for compute units, accelerators, and on-chip memory/interconnect. These Pareto curves allow us to solve the power, performance, area constrained optimization problem to determine which accelerators should be used, and how to set their design parameters to optimize the system. This analysis shows that memory accesses create a floor to the achievable energy-per-op. Thus high performance requires Dark Memory, which in turn requires co-design of the algorithm for parallelism and locality, with the hardware.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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