爱因斯坦发现引力波1916-1918
Einstein's Discovery of Gravitational Waves 1916-1918
摘要：
在他1916年开创性的广义相对论文件爱因斯坦强加了一个限制性的坐标条件，他的场方程是有效的坐标系是单模。后来，爱因斯坦发表了一篇关于引力波的论文。本文给出的解不满足上述限制条件。在他的引力波论文中，爱因斯坦得出结论，引力场以光速传播。解是闵可夫斯基平坦度规加上一个在平坦时空中传播的小扰动。爱因斯坦用类似于电动力学中延迟势的方式计算了与闵可夫斯基度规的微小偏差。然而，在获得上述推导时，爱因斯坦犯了一个数学错误。这个错误使他获得三种不同类型的波兼容他的近似场方程：纵波，横波和一种新型的波。爱因斯坦在附录中提出，在单模坐标系中，只有第三类波才会发生，并且这些波会传递能量。他开始痴迷于他的幺模坐标。爱因斯坦的同事们向他证明，在幺模坐标系中，质点的引力波不携带能量，但爱因斯坦试图说服他们，他在引力波论文中实际上没有犯错误。然而，爱因斯坦最终接受了他的同事的结果，并放弃了限制性的幺模坐标。这最终使他发现了平面横向引力波。
英文摘要：
In his 1916 ground-breaking general relativity paper Einstein had imposed a restrictive coordinate condition, his field equations were valid for coordinate systems which are unimodular. Later, Einstein published a paper on gravitational waves. The solution presented in this paper did not satisfy the above restrictive condition. In his gravitational waves paper, Einstein concluded that gravitational fields propagate at the speed of light. The solution is the Minkowski flat metric plus a small disturbance propagating in a flat spacetime. Einstein calculated the small deviation from Minkowski metric in a manner analogous to that of retarded potentials in electrodynamics. However, in obtaining the above derivation, Einstein made a mathematical error. This error caused him to obtain three different types of waves compatible with his approximate field equations: longitudinal waves, transverse waves and a new type of wave. Einstein added an Addendum in which he suggested that in systems in unimodular coordinates only waves of the third type occur and these waves transport energy. He became obsessed with his unimodular coordinates. Einstein's colleagues demonstrated to him that in the coordinate system in unimodular coordinates the gravitational wave of a mass point carry no energy, but Einstein tried to persuade them that he had actually not made a mistake in his gravitational waves paper. Einstein, however, eventually accepted his colleagues results and dropped the restrictive unimodular coordinates. This finally led him to discover plane transverse gravitational waves.
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