Early-type (E and S0) galaxies may have assembled via a variety of different evolutionary pathways. Here we investigate these pathways by comparing the stellar kinematic properties of 24 early-type galaxies from the SLUGGS survey with the hydrodynamical simulations of Naab et al. (2014). In particular, we use the kinematics of starlight up to 4 effective radii (R$_e$) as diagnostics of galaxy inner and outer regions, and assign each galaxy to one of six Naab et al. assembly classes.
The majority of our galaxies (14/24) have kinematic characteristics that indicate an assembly history dominated by gradual gas dissipation and accretion of many gas-rich minor mergers. Three galaxies, all S0s, indicate that they have experienced gas-rich major mergers in their more recent past. One additional elliptical galaxy is tentatively associated with a gas-rich merger which results in a remnant galaxy with low angular momentum. Pathways dominated by gas-poor (major or minor) mergers dominate the mass growth of six galaxies. Most SLUGGS galaxies appear to have grown in mass (and size) via the accretion of stars and gas from minor mergers, with late major mergers playing a much smaller role.
We find that the fraction of accreted stars correlates with the stellar mean age and metallicity gradient, but not with the slope of the total mass density profile. We briefly mention future observational and modelling approaches that will enhance our ability to accurately reconstruct the assembly histories of individual present day galaxies.
We investigate the kinematic properties of nine nearby early-type galaxies with evidence of a disk-like component. Three of these galaxies are located in the field, five in the group and only one in the cluster environment. By combining the kinematics of the stars with those of the globular clusters (GCs) and planetary nebulae (PNe), we probe the outer regions of our galaxies out to $\sim$4-6 Re. Six galaxies have PNe and red GCs that show good kinematic alignment with the stars, whose rotation occurs along the photometric major-axis of the galaxies, suggesting that both the PNe and red GCs ar…
Abridged for arXiv: In this work, we apply a powerful new technique in order to observationally derive accurate assembly histories through a self-consistent combined stellar dynamical and population galaxy model. We present this approach for three edge-on lenticular galaxies from the Fornax3D project -- FCC 153, FCC 170, and FCC 177 -- in order to infer their mass assembly histories individually and in the context of the Fornax cluster. The method was tested on mock data from simulations to quantify its reliability. We find that the galaxies studied here have all been able to form dynamically-…
Half-mass radii of quiescent and star-forming galaxies evolve slowly from 0 < z < 2.5: implications for galaxy assembly histories
我们使用高分辨率，多波段成像的~16,500星系在CANDELS领域在0 < z < 2.5研究颜色梯度和半质量半径随宇宙时间的演变。我们发现，在固定质量的星系颜色梯度迅速演变之间的z~2.5和z~1，但保持大致恒定低于z~1。这一结果意味着恒星形成和静止星系的大小增加比以前使用半光半径的研究慢得多。静止星系的半质量半径演化与一个模型完全一致，该模型使用观测到的未成年人合并率来预测由于小星系的吸积而导致的尺寸增加。祖先的偏见可能仍然有助于静止星系的增长，特别是如果我们假设一个较小的合并增长模型的时间尺度较慢。恒星形成星系的半质量半径演化较慢，这与宇宙学模拟和半解析星系模型存在矛盾。需要进一步详细、一致地与模拟进行比较，以将这些结果置于背景中。
The variety of star formation histories (SFHs) of $z\gtrsim6$ galaxies provides important insights into early star formation, but has been difficult to systematically quantify. Some observations suggest that many $z\sim6-9$ galaxies are dominated by $\gtrsim200$ Myr stellar populations, implying significant star formation at $z\gtrsim9$, while others find that most reionization era galaxies are $\lesssim10$ Myr, consistent with little $z\gtrsim9$ star formation. Here, we quantify the distribution of ages of UV-bright ($-22.5\lesssim M_{UV}\lesssim-21$) galaxies colour-selected to lie at $z\sim…
Characterizing the assembly of dark matter halos with protohalo size histories: I. Redshift evolution, relation to descendant halos, and halo assembly bias
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；University of Massachusetts Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
We study the present-day rotational velocity ($V_{rot}$) and velocity dispersion ($σ$) profiles of the globular cluster (GC) systems in a sample of 50 lenticular (S0) galaxies from the E-MOSAICS galaxy formation simulations. We find that 82% of the galaxies have GCs that are rotating along the photometric major axis of the galaxy ($aligned$), while the remaining 18% of the galaxies do not ($misaligned$). This is generally consistent with the observations from the SLUGGS survey. For the $aligned$ galaxies, classified as $peaked$ $and$ $outwardly$ $decreasing$ (49%), $flat$ (24%) and $increasing…
ERGO-ML: The assembly histories of HSC galaxy images via invertible neural networks, contrastive learning, and cosmological simulations
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University（斯坦福大学物理系卡弗里粒子天体物理学与宇宙学研究所）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia（西澳大利亚大学国际射电天文研究中心）；Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik（海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所）；Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS), Waseda University（早稻田大学高等研究院）；Center for Data Science, Waseda University（早稻田大学数据科学中心）；Departamento de Astrofísica, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕鲁纳大学加那利天体物理研究所天体物理学系）
We analyze the merger and assembly histories of Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31)-like galaxies to quantify how, and how often, disk galaxies of this mass can survive recent major mergers (stellar mass ratio $\ge$ 1:4). For this, we use the cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulation TNG50 and identify 198 analog galaxies, selected based on their $z=0$ stellar mass ($10^{10.5-11.2} {\rm M_{\odot}}$), disky stellar morphology and local environment. Firstly, major mergers are common: 85 per cent (168) of MW/M31-like galaxies in TNG50 have undergone at least one major merger across their life…
A fundamental prediction of the LambdaCDM cosmology is the hierarchical build-up of structure and therefore the successive merging of galaxies into more massive ones. As one can only observe galaxies at one specific time in cosmic history, this merger history remains in principle unobservable. By using the TNG100 simulation of the IllustrisTNG project, we show that it is possible to infer the unobservable stellar assembly and merger history of central galaxies from their observable properties by using machine learning techniques. In particular, in this first paper of ERGO-ML (Extracting Realit…
The most massive protoclusters virialize to become clusters at $z\sim 2$, which is also a critical epoch for the evolution of their member galaxies. XLSSC 122 is a $z=1.98$ galaxy cluster with 37 spectroscopically confirmed members. We aim to characterize their star formation histories and to put them in the context of the cluster accretion history. We measure their photometry in 12 bands and create a PSF-matched catalogue of the cluster members. We employ BAGPIPES to fit star formation histories characterized by exponentially decreasing star-forming rates. Stellar masses, metal and dust conte…
The concentration parameter is a key characteristic of a dark matter halo that conveniently connects the halo's present-day structure with its assembly history. Using 'Dark Sky', a suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations, we investigate how halo concentration evolves with time and emerges from the mass assembly history. We also explore the origin of the scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. We show that the evolution of halo concentration has two primary modes: (1) smooth increase due to pseudo-evolution; and (2) intense responses to physical merger events. Mer…
Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae (xPNe). Chemical evolution and assembly histories of nearby galaxies using Oxygen and Argon abundances. From the local universe to cosmic dawn
Recent stellar population analysis of early-type galaxy spectra has demonstrated that the low-mass galaxies in cluster centers have high [$α/\rm Fe$] and old ages characteristic of massive galaxies and unlike the low-mass galaxy population in the outskirts of clusters and fields. This phenomenon has been termed "coordinated assembly" to highlight the fact that the building blocks of massive cluster central galaxies are drawn from a special subset of the overall low-mass galaxy population. Here we explore this idea in the IllustrisTNG simulations, particularly the TNG300 run, in order to unders…
We analyse the metallicity histories of ~4,500 galaxies from the GAMA survey at z<0.06 modelled by the SED-fitting code ProSpect using an evolving metallicity implementation. These metallicity histories, in combination with the associated star formation histories, allow us to analyse the inferred gas-phase mass--metallicity relation. Furthermore, we extract the mass--metallicity relation at a sequence of epochs in cosmic history, to track the evolving mass--metallicity relation with time. Through comparison with observations of gas-phase metallicity over a large range of redshifts, we show tha…
The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age-metallicity distribution of globular clusters
我们提出了25个宇宙学放大模拟银河系质量的星系在“建模星团人口大会在宇宙学模拟内鹰”（E-MOSAICS）项目。E-MOSAICS将星团形成、演化和分裂的详细物理模型与EAGLE星系形成模拟相结合。这使得以下的共同形成和共同进化的星系和他们的星团人口，从而实现了长期的承诺，使用球状星团（GC）作为示踪剂的星系形成和组装。模拟结果表明，年龄金属丰度分布的GC人口表现出强烈的星系到星系的变化，导致其演化历史的差异。我们开发了一种形式主义，系统地限制使用GC年龄金属丰度分布星系的组装历史。这些分布的特点是通过13个指标，我们相关的30个数量描述星系形成和组装（如晕属性，形成/组装红移，恒星质量组装时间尺度，星系合并统计），导致20个统计（高度）显着的相关性。GC年龄-金属丰度分布是研究主星系质量增长、金属富集和次合并历史的灵敏探针。没有这样的关系被发现之间的GC和主要的合并，发挥了次主导作用的银河系质量的星系GC的形成。最后，我们展示了GC年龄金属丰度分布如何使宿主星系的合并树的重建，使我们能够确定所有的祖先与质量$M_*\gtrsim10^8$ M $_\odot$的红移$1\leq z\leq2.5$。这些结果表明，宇宙学模拟的共同形成和共同演化的GC和他们的宿主星系成功地解锁的潜力GC作为定量示踪剂的星系形成和组装。
Untangling Similarities and Differences in Star Formation Histories Across Cosmological Simulations
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学理论天体物理研究所）；David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学大卫·邓普克天文与天体物理系）；Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto（多伦多大学统计科学系）；Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学邓普克天文与天体物理研究所）；Data Sciences Institute, University of Toronto（多伦多大学数据科学研究所）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaiʻi（夏威夷大学天体物理研究所）
In the era of large-scale spectroscopic surveys in the Local Group (LG), we can explore using chemical abundances of halo stars to study the star formation and chemical enrichment histories of the dwarf galaxy progenitors of the Milky Way (MW) and M31 stellar halos. In this paper, we investigate using the Chemical Abundance Ratio Distributions (CARDs) of seven stellar halos from the Latte suite of FIRE-2 simulations. We attempt to infer galaxies' assembly histories by modelling the CARDs of the stellar halos of the Latte galaxies as a linear combination of template CARDs from disrupted dwarfs,…
Galaxy evolution is generally affected by tidal interactions. Firstly, in this series, we reported several effects which suggest that tidal interactions contribute to regulating star formation (SF). To confirm that so, we now compare stellar mass assembly histories and SF look-back time annular profiles between CALIFA survey tidally and non-tidally perturbed galaxies. We pair their respective star-forming regions at the closest stellar mass surface densities to reduce the influence of stellar mass. The assembly histories and annular profiles show statistically significant differences so that h…
JADES: Differing assembly histories of galaxies -- Observational evidence for bursty SFHs and (mini-)quenching in the first billion years of the Universe
X-ray and microwave cluster scaling relations are immensely valuable for cosmological analysis. However, their power is limited by astrophysical systematics that bias mass estimates and introduce additional scatter. Turbulence injected into the intracluster medium via mass assembly contributes substantially to cluster non-thermal pressure support, a significant source of such uncertainties. We use an analytical model to compute the assembly-driven non-thermal pressure profiles of haloes based on Monte Carlo-generated accretion histories. We introduce a fitting function for the average non-ther…
MUSE-DARK IV. Comparing Dark Matter Densities to Star Formation Histories in 375 intermediate-z galaxies
Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, CRAL（里昂第一大学，巴黎高等师范学院里昂分校，法国国家科学研究中心，里昂银河系与天体物理实验室）；Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)（波茨坦莱布尼茨天体物理研究所）；Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg（斯特拉斯堡大学，法国国家科学研究中心，斯特拉斯堡天文台）；Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学宇宙学与引力研究所）
We examine the influence of dark matter halo assembly on the evolution of a simulated $\sim L^\star$ galaxy. Starting from a zoom-in simulation of a star-forming galaxy evolved with the EAGLE galaxy formation model, we use the genetic modification technique to create a pair of complementary assembly histories: one in which the halo assembles later than in the unmodified case, and one in which it assembles earlier. Delayed assembly leads to the galaxy exhibiting a greater present-day star formation rate than its unmodified counterpart, whilst in the accelerated case the galaxy quenches at $z\si…
