生活史〈动〉<动>和多细胞起源：类型分化、能量约束、权衡函数的非线性曲率
Life history evolution and the origin of multicellularity: differentiation of types, energy constraints, non-linear curvatures of trade-off functions
摘要：
进化生物学中讨论的一个基本问题是从单细胞生物到多细胞生物的过渡。本文发展了文献[1]中提出的非鲁棒模型，并试图得到鲁棒模型，研究不同类型和能量约束对不同大小菌落最优行为的影响。所构建的模型表明，无论群体中的细胞是相同的，还是存在不同类型的细胞，只要初始繁殖成本高，每个大型群体都趋向于完全特化。类型的多样性水平决定了专门用于体细胞的细胞数量。在繁殖初始成本低的小型群体中，当类型多样性较弱时，非特化状态可能会给群体带来一定的利益。然而，这些益处可能仅是局部的，并且在最佳情况下，在集落中，一些细胞将是特化的，其他细胞是非特化的。小型集落中特化细胞的数量取决于该集落的类型多样性水平。通过加入能量约束，我们可以得到鲁棒的模型，即使在凸的情况下。在最优解中，具有不同类型细胞和能量约束的群体在某些最优状态模式之间可能是无差别的。任意选择的细胞在某些状态下可能是体细胞或生殖细胞，在另一些状态下可能是非特化细胞。此外，在每个最佳状态下，每个细胞的繁殖力和活力水平都在有限的范围内。该结果反映了这样的事实，即群体中的一些细胞可能失去实现例如高水平繁殖的潜在能力，但根本不失去执行生殖功能的可能性。这意味着所提供的模型可以描述生物体，代表了非特化群体和完全特化的多细胞生物体之间的中间体。
英文摘要：
A fundamental issue discussed in evolutionary biology is the transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Here we develop non-robust models provided in [1] and attempt to get robust models investigated how differentiation of types and energy constraints influence on the optimal behavior of colonies with different size. Constructed models show that each large-sized colony with high initial costs of reproduction tends to full specialization, no matter are all cells in this colony identical or are there cells with different types in this colony. The level of type's diversity determines the number of cells specialized in soma. In small - sized colonies with low initial costs of reproduction, when type's diversity is week, an unspecialized state may bring colony some benefits. However, these benefits may be only local and in optimum in the colony some cells would be specialized, others - unspecialized. The amount of specialized cells in small - sized colony depends on the level of type's diversity in this colony. Adding energy constraint, we may receive robust models even in convex case. In optimum, the colony with different types of cells and energy restriction may be indifferent between some optimal patterns of states. Arbitrary chosen cell may be soma or germ in some states or may be unspecialized in other. Moreover, in each optimal state levels of fecundity and viability of each cell lie in limited ranges. This result reflects the fact that some cell in the colony may lose the potential ability to achieve, for example, high level of fecundity, but does not lose the possibility to perform a reproductive function at all. It means that provided model can describe organisms, which represents the intermediate between unspecialized colonies and full-specialized multicellular organisms.
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