Multi-instance multi-label (MIML) learning is a challenging problem in many aspects. Such learning approaches might be useful for many medical diagnosis applications including breast cancer detection and classification. In this study subset of digiPATH dataset (whole slide digital breast cancer histopathology images) are used for training and evaluation of six state-of-the-art MIML methods.
At the end, performance comparison of these approaches are given by means of effective evaluation metrics. It is shown that MIML-kNN achieve the best performance that is %65.3 average precision, where most of other methods attain acceptable results as well.
University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Mayo Clinic（梅奥诊所）
Breast density is an important risk factor for breast cancer that also affects the specificity and sensitivity of screening mammography. Current federal legislation mandates reporting of breast density for all women undergoing breast screening. Clinically, breast density is assessed visually using the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting And Data System (BI-RADS) scale. Here, we introduce an artificial intelligence (AI) method to estimate breast percentage density (PD) from digital mammograms. Our method leverages deep learning (DL) using two convolutional neural network arch…
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Mila Quebec AI Institute（米拉魁北克人工智能研究所）；Lelapa AI（莱拉帕人工智能）；Masakhane Research Foundation（马萨卡内研究基金会）；Drexel University（德雷塞尔大学）；University Of Maryland Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）
Cancer is increasingly a global health issue. Seconding cardiovascular diseases, cancers are the second biggest cause of death in the world with millions of people succumbing to the disease every year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, by the end of 2020, more than 7.8 million women have been diagnosed with breast cancer, making it the world's most prevalent cancer. In this paper, using the Nightingale Open Science dataset of digital pathology (breast biopsy) images, we leverage the capabilities of pre-trained computer vision models for the breast cancer stage prediction…
The Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) is one of the most powerful and successful deep learning approaches. DCNNs have already provided superior performance in different modalities of medical imaging including breast cancer classification, segmentation, and detection. Breast cancer is one of the most common and dangerous cancers impacting women worldwide. In this paper, we have proposed a method for breast cancer classification with the Inception Recurrent Residual Convolutional Neural Network (IRRCNN) model. The IRRCNN is a powerful DCNN model that combines the strength of the Inception…
Top Data Science Ltd.（顶级数据科学有限公司）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Skåne University Hospital（斯科讷大学医院）；Helsinki University Hospital（赫尔辛基大学医院）
Deep neural networks have introduced significant advancements in the field of machine learning-based analysis of digital pathology images including prostate tissue images. With the help of transfer learning, classification and segmentation performance of neural network models have been further increased. However, due to the absence of large, extensively annotated, publicly available prostate histopathology datasets, several previous studies employ datasets from well-studied computer vision tasks such as ImageNet dataset. In this work, we propose a transfer learning scheme from breast histopath…
Neuromation；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Lyft Inc.（Lyft公司）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Breast cancer is one of the main causes of cancer death worldwide. Early diagnostics significantly increases the chances of correct treatment and survival, but this process is tedious and often leads to a disagreement between pathologists. Computer-aided diagnosis systems showed potential for improving the diagnostic accuracy. In this work, we develop the computational approach based on deep convolution neural networks for breast cancer histology image classification. Hematoxylin and eosin stained breast histology microscopy image dataset is provided as a part of the ICIAR 2018 Grand Challenge…
Traditional breast cancer image classification methods require manual extraction of features from medical images, which not only require professional medical knowledge, but also have problems such as time-consuming and labor-intensive and difficulty in extracting high-quality features. Therefore, the paper proposes a computer-based feature fusion Convolutional neural network breast cancer image classification and detection method. The paper pre-trains two convolutional neural networks with different structures, and then uses the convolutional neural network to automatically extract the charact…
Radboud University Medical Center（拉德堡德大学医学中心）；Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center（贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；National Cancer Institute（美国国家癌症研究所）；The Harker School（哈克学校）；Mayo Clinic（梅奥诊所）
Diagnosis of breast carcinomas has so far been limited to the morphological interpretation of epithelial cells and the assessment of epithelial tissue architecture. Consequently, most of the automated systems have focused on characterizing the epithelial regions of the breast to detect cancer. In this paper, we propose a system for classification of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained breast specimens based on convolutional neural networks that primarily targets the assessment of tumor-associated stroma to diagnose breast cancer patients. We evaluate the performance of our proposed system usin…
Locating region of interest for breast cancer masses in the mammographic image is a challenging problem in medical image processing. In this research work, the keen idea is to efficiently extract suspected mass region for further examination. In particular to this fact breast boundary segmentation on sliced rgb image using modified intensity based approach followed by quad tree based division to spot out suspicious area are proposed in the paper. To evaluate the performance DDSM standard dataset are experimented and achieved acceptable accuracy.
Deep Learning in Breast Cancer Imaging: A Decade of Progress and Future Directions
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Stanford University School of Medicine（斯坦福大学医学院）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute（香港科技大学深圳-香港协同创新研究院）
University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；National Cancer Research Centre（国家癌症研究中心）；Institute for Oncology and Radiology（肿瘤与放射学研究所）
Accurate diagnosis of breast cancer in histopathology images is challenging due to the heterogeneity of cancer cell growth as well as of a variety of benign breast tissue proliferative lesions. In this paper, we propose a practical and self-interpretable invasive cancer diagnosis solution. With minimum annotation information, the proposed method mines contrast patterns between normal and malignant images in unsupervised manner and generates a probability map of abnormalities to verify its reasoning. Particularly, a fully convolutional autoencoder is used to learn the dominant structural patter…
Studies estimate that there will be 266,120 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 40,920 breast cancer induced deaths in the year of 2018 alone. Despite the pervasiveness of this affliction, the current process to obtain an accurate breast cancer prognosis is tedious and time consuming, requiring a trained pathologist to manually examine histopathological images in order to identify the features that characterize various cancer severity levels. We propose MITOS-RCNN: a novel region based convolutional neural network (RCNN) geared for small object detection to accurately grade one of the thre…
Umm Al-Qura University（乌姆·库拉大学）；King Abdulaziz University（阿卜杜勒阿齐兹国王大学）；University of Tabuk（塔布克大学）；King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center（费萨尔国王专科医院和研究中心）；University of Nevada（内华达大学）
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world and the second most common type of cancer that causes death in women. The timely and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer using histopathological images is crucial for patient care and treatment. Pathologists can make more accurate diagnoses with the help of a novel approach based on image processing. This approach is an ensemble model of two types of pre-trained vision transformer models, namely, Vision Transformer and Data-Efficient Image Transformer. The proposed ensemble model classifies breast cancer histopathology images into eight clas…
Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College（贾尔派古里政府工程学院）
Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which is also sometimes known as the infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is the most regular form of breast cancer. It accounts for about 80% of all breast cancers. According to the American Cancer Society, more than 180,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year. The survival rate associated with this form of cancer is about 77% to 93% depending on the stage at which they are being diagnosed. The invasiveness and the frequency of the occurrence of these disease makes it one of the difficult cancers to be diagnosed. Our propos…
Mekelle Institute of Technology - Mekelle University（梅克莱大学梅克莱理工学院）；FDRE Ministry of Innovation and Technology（埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国创新与技术部）；College of Health Science - Mekelle University（梅克莱大学健康科学学院）
Breast cancer is prevalent in Ethiopia that accounts 34% among women cancer patients. The diagnosis technique in Ethiopia is manual which was proven to be tedious, subjective, and challenging. Deep learning techniques are revolutionizing the field of medical image analysis and hence in this study, we proposed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for breast mass detection so as to minimize the overheads of manual analysis. CNN architecture is designed for the feature extraction stage and adapted both the Region Proposal Network (RPN) and Region of Interest (ROI) portion of the faster R-CNN for …
Cancer is one of the most common and fatal diseases in the world. Breast cancer affects one in every eight women and one in every eight hundred men. Hence, our prime target should be early detection of cancer because the early detection of cancer can be helpful to cure cancer effectively. Therefore, we propose a saliency detection system with the help of advanced deep learning techniques, such that the machine will be taught to emulate actions of pathologists for localization of diagnostically pertinent regions. We study identification of five diagnostic categories of breast cancer by training…
Mansoura University（曼苏拉大学）；Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology（高等工程技术学院）
Breast cancer is one of the most serious types of cancer that can occur in women. The automatic diagnosis of breast cancer by analyzing histological images (HIs) is important for patients and their prognosis. The classification of HIs provides clinicians with an accurate understanding of diseases and allows them to treat patients more efficiently. Deep learning (DL) approaches have been successfully employed in a variety of fields, particularly medical imaging, due to their capacity to extract features automatically. This study aims to classify different types of breast cancer using HIs. In th…
Towards order of magnitude X-ray dose reduction in breast cancer imaging using phase contrast and deep denoising
The University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；Eastern Health（东部健康）；Monash Health（莫纳什健康）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO（澳大利亚同步辐射中心，ANSTO）；Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织）
A Large Model for Non-invasive and Personalized Management of Breast Cancer from Multiparametric MRI
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；PLA Middle Military Command General Hospital（中国人民解放军中部战区总医院）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Yunnan Cancer Hospital（云南省肿瘤医院）；th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital（中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心）；Southern Medical University（南方医科大学）
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Imsight Medical Technology, Co., Ltd.（推想医疗科技股份有限公司）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）；The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital（中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心）；Beijing Image Diagnostic Center of Rimag（北京一脉阳光影像诊断中心）
Accurate and automatic analysis of breast MRI plays an important role in early diagnosis and successful treatment planning for breast cancer. Due to the heterogeneity nature, accurate diagnosis of tumors remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose to identify breast tumor in MRI by Cosine Margin Sigmoid Loss (CMSL) with deep learning (DL) and localize possible cancer lesion by COrrelation Attention Map (COAM) based on the learned features. The CMSL embeds tumor features onto a hypersphere and imposes a decision margin through cosine constraints. In this way, the DL model could learn …
State University of Ponta Grossa（蓬塔格罗萨州立大学）；Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná（巴拉那天主教大学）；Federal University of Parana（巴拉那联邦大学）
This work proposes a classification approach for breast cancer histopathologic images (HI) that uses transfer learning to extract features from HI using an Inception-v3 CNN pre-trained with ImageNet dataset. We also use transfer learning on training a support vector machine (SVM) classifier on a tissue labeled colorectal cancer dataset aiming to filter the patches from a breast cancer HI and remove the irrelevant ones. We show that removing irrelevant patches before training a second SVM classifier, improves the accuracy for classifying malign and benign tumors on breast cancer images. We are …
University of Heidelberg（海德堡大学）；DKFZ Heidelberg（海德堡德国癌症研究中心）
The progression of breast cancer can be quantified in lymph node whole-slide images (WSIs). We describe a novel method for effectively performing classification of whole-slide images and patient level breast cancer grading. Our method utilises a deep neural network. The method performs classification on small patches and uses model averaging for boosting. In the first step, region of interest patches are determined and cropped automatically by color thresholding and then classified by the deep neural network. The classification results are used to determine a slide level class and for further …
This is the submission for mitosis detection in the context of the MIDOG 2021 challenge. It is based on the two-stage objection model Faster RCNN as well as DenseNet as a backbone for the neural network architecture. It achieves a F1-score of 0.6645 on the Preliminary Test Phase Leaderboard.
Christian Brothers University（基督教兄弟大学）；University of Dayton（代顿大学）
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world and the most prevalent cause of death among women worldwide. Nevertheless, it is also one of the most treatable malignancies if detected early. In this paper, a deep convolutional neural network-based algorithm is proposed to aid in accurately identifying breast cancer from ultrasonic images. In this algorithm, several neural networks are fused in a parallel architecture to perform the classification process and the voting criteria are applied in the final classification decision between the candidate object classes where the output of each …
University of Saskatchewan（萨斯喀彻温大学）；University of Tulane（杜兰大学）
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer may significantly increase the survival rate of patients. In this study, we aim to develop a fully automatic, deep learning-based, method using descriptor features extracted by Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) models and pooling operation for the classification of hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) histological breast cancer images provided as a part of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition (ICIAR) 2018 Grand Challenge on BreAs…
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer-related death among females worldwide. In this article, we investigate the applicability of densely connected convolutional neural networks to the problems of histology image classification and whole slide image segmentation in the area of computer-aided diagnoses for breast cancer. To this end, we study various approaches for transfer learning and apply them to the data set from the 2018 grand challenge on breast cancer histology images (BACH).
DeepHealth, Inc.（深健公司）；Rhode Island Hospital（罗德岛医院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；Henan Provincial People’s Hospital（河南省人民医院）；Medford Radiology Group（梅德福放射学集团）；University of Massachusetts Medical School（马萨诸塞大学医学院）
Breast cancer remains a global challenge, causing over 1 million deaths globally in 2018. To achieve earlier breast cancer detection, screening x-ray mammography is recommended by health organizations worldwide and has been estimated to decrease breast cancer mortality by 20-40%. Nevertheless, significant false positive and false negative rates, as well as high interpretation costs, leave opportunities for improving quality and access. To address these limitations, there has been much recent interest in applying deep learning to mammography; however, obtaining large amounts of annotated data p…
Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women and has become a major public health problem in current society. Traditional breast cancer identification requires experienced pathologists to carefully read the breast slice, which is laborious and suffers from inter-observer variations. Consequently, an automatic classification framework for breast cancer identification is worthwhile to develop. Recent years witnessed the development of deep learning technique. Increasing number of medical applications start to use deep learning to improve diagnosis accuracy. In this paper, we pr…
Towards Early Detection: AI-Based Five-Year Forecasting of Breast Cancer Risk Using Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Imaging
Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Mass General Brigham and Harvard Medical School（Athinoula A. Martinos 生物医学成像中心，马萨诸塞总医院与哈佛医学院）；École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）；Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin（柏林夏里特医学院，自由大学和洪堡大学的成员）；Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health（威斯康星大学医学与公共卫生学院放射科）
This paper presents U-net based breast cancer metastases detection and classification in lymph nodes, as well as patient-level classification based on metastases detection. The whole pipeline can be divided into five steps: preprocessing and data argumentation, patch-based segmentation, post processing, slide-level classification, and patient-level classification. In order to reduce overfitting and speedup convergence, we applied batch normalization and dropout into U-Net. The final Kappa score reaches 0.902 on training data.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology（设拉子理工大学电气与电子工程系）；Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences（设拉子医科大学医学院病理学系）
Early detection and prognosis of breast cancer are feasible by utilizing histopathological grading of biopsy specimens. This research is focused on detection and grading of nuclear pleomorphism in histopathological images of breast cancer. The proposed method consists of three internal steps. First, unmixing colors of H&E is used in the preprocessing step. Second, nuclei boundaries are extracted incorporating the center of cancerous nuclei which are detected by applying morphological operations and Difference of Gaussian filter on the preprocessed image. Finally, segmented nuclei are scored to…
East Delta University（东三角洲大学）；University of Chittagong（吉大港大学）
Breast cancer has become a symbol of tremendous concern in the modern world, as it is one of the major causes of cancer mortality worldwide. In this regard, breast ultrasonography images are frequently utilized by doctors to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. However, the complex artifacts and heavily noised breast ultrasonography images make diagnosis a great challenge. Furthermore, the ever-increasing number of patients being screened for breast cancer necessitates the use of automated end-to-end technology for highly accurate diagnosis at a low cost and in a short time. In this conce…
Breast Cancer Image Classification Method Based on Deep Transfer Learning
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；University of Southampton（南安普顿大学）；Trine University（特莱恩大学）；Southwest Jiaotong University（西南交通大学）
Breast cancer is a disease that threatens many women's life, thus, early and accurate detection plays a key role in reducing the mortality rate. Mammography stands as the reference technique for breast cancer screening; nevertheless, many countries still lack access to mammograms due to economic, social, and cultural issues. Last advances in computational tools, infrared cameras, and devices for bio-impedance quantification allowed the development of parallel techniques like thermography, infrared imaging, and electrical impedance tomography, these being faster, reliable and cheaper. In the la…
Shenzhen University（深圳大学）；Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University（中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院）
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women. As the primary output of breast screening, breast ultrasound (US) video contains exclusive dynamic information for cancer diagnosis. However, training models for video analysis is non-trivial as it requires a voluminous dataset which is also expensive to annotate. Furthermore, the diagnosis of breast lesion faces unique challenges such as inter-class similarity and intra-class variation. In this paper, we propose a pioneering approach that directly utilizes US videos in computer-aided breast cancer diagnosis. It leverages ma…
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women world-wide, approximately 20-25% of BCs are HER-2 positive. Analysis of HER-2 is fundamental to defining the appropriate therapy for patients with breast cancer. Inter-pathologist variability in the test results can affect diagnostic accuracy. The present study intends to propose an automatic scoring HER-2 algorithm. Based on color features, the technique is fully-automated and avoids segmentation, showing a concordance higher than 90% with a pathologist in the experiments realized.
Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；Stony Brook Medicine（石溪医学院）；Stony Brook University Hospital（石溪大学医院）；University of Michigan Medical School（密歇根大学医学院）；National Cancer Institute（美国国家癌症研究所）；National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院）；Emory University（埃默里大学）
Quantitative assessment of Tumor-TIL spatial relationships is increasingly important in both basic science and clinical aspects of breast cancer research. We have developed and evaluated convolutional neural network (CNN) analysis pipelines to generate combined maps of cancer regions and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in routine diagnostic breast cancer whole slide tissue images (WSIs). We produce interactive whole slide maps that provide 1) insight about the structural patterns and spatial distribution of lymphocytic infiltrates and 2) facilitate improved quantification of TILs. We eva…
École de Technologie Supérieure, Université du Québec（魁北克大学高等技术学院）；Université de Rouen Normandie（鲁昂诺曼底大学）
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and leading cancer-related death causes for women. In the context of ICIAR 2018 Grand Challenge on Breast Cancer Histology Images, we compare one handcrafted feature extractor and five transfer learning feature extractors based on deep learning. We find out that the deep learning networks pretrained on ImageNet have better performance than the popular handcrafted features used for breast cancer histology images. The best feature extractor achieves an average accuracy of 79.30%. To improve the classification performance, a random forest di…
Cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases to humans, and yet no permanent cure has been developed for it. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types. According to the National Breast Cancer foundation, in 2020 alone, more than 276,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer and more than 48,000 non-invasive cases were diagnosed in the US. To put these figures in perspective, 64% of these cases are diagnosed early in the disease's cycle, giving patients a 99% chance of survival. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have been used effectively in detection and treatment of severa…
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg（弗里德里希-亚历山大大学埃尔兰根-纽伦堡分校）；Freie Universität Berlin（柏林自由大学）；Animal Medical Center（动物医学中心）
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) has been used as a model to investigate the pathogenesis of human breast cancer and the same grading scheme is commonly used to assess tumor malignancy in both. One key component of this grading scheme is the density of mitotic figures (MF). Current publicly available datasets on human breast cancer only provide annotations for small subsets of whole slide images (WSIs). We present a novel dataset of 21 WSIs of CMC completely annotated for MF. For this, a pathologist screened all WSIs for potential MF and structures with a similar appearance. A second expert blin…
Traditional breast cancer imaging methods using microwave Nearfield Radar Imaging (NRI) seek to recover the complex permittivity of the tissues at each voxel in the imaging region. This approach is suboptimal, in that it does not directly consider the permittivity values that healthy and cancerous breast tissues typically have. In this paper, we describe a novel unmixing algorithm for detecting breast cancer. In this approach, the breast tissue is separated into three components, low water content (LWC), high water content (HWC), and cancerous tissues, and the goal of the optimization procedur…
University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）
Image classification is widely used to build predictive models for breast cancer diagnosis. Most existing approaches overwhelmingly rely on deep convolutional networks to build such diagnosis pipelines. These model architectures, although remarkable in performance, are black-box systems that provide minimal insight into the inner logic behind their predictions. This is a major drawback as the explainability of prediction is vital for applications such as cancer diagnosis. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing an explainable machine learning pipeline for breast cancer diagnosis base…
Faculty of Informatics and Computer Science（信息与计算机科学学院）；The British University in Egypt（埃及英国大学）；Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University（苏伊士运河大学理学院）
Breast cancer is one of the leading fatal disease worldwide with high risk control if early discovered. Conventional method for breast screening is x-ray mammography, which is known to be challenging for early detection of cancer lesions. The dense breast structure produced due to the compression process during imaging lead to difficulties to recognize small size abnormalities. Also, inter- and intra-variations of breast tissues lead to significant difficulties to achieve high diagnosis accuracy using hand-crafted features. Deep learning is an emerging machine learning technology that requires…
This paper presents results of applying Inception v4 deep convolutional neural network to ICIAR-2018 Breast Cancer Classification Grand Challenge, part a. The Challenge task is to classify breast cancer biopsy results, presented in form of hematoxylin and eosin stained images. Breast cancer classification is of primary interest to the medical practitioners and thus binary classification of breast cancer images have been under investigation by many researchers, but multi-class categorization of histology breast images have been challenging due to the subtle differences among the categories. In …
KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）；Science for Life Laboratory（生命科学实验室）；Karolinska Institutet（卡罗林斯卡学院）；Karolinska University Hospital（卡罗林斯卡大学医院）
The ability to accurately estimate risk of developing breast cancer would be invaluable for clinical decision-making. One promising new approach is to integrate image-based risk models based on deep neural networks. However, one must take care when using such models, as selection of training data influences the patterns the network will learn to identify. With this in mind, we trained networks using three different criteria to select the positive training data (i.e. images from patients that will develop cancer): an inherent risk model trained on images with no visible signs of cancer, a cance…
