Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolves with extraordinary rapidity. However, its evolution is constrained by interactions between mutations in its fitness landscape. Here we show that an Ising model describing these interactions, inferred from sequence data obtained prior to the use of antiretroviral drugs, can be used to identify clinically significant sites of resistance mutations. Successful predictions of the resistance sites indicate progress in the development of successful models of real viral evolution at the single residue level, and suggest that our approach may be applied to help design new therapies that are less prone to failure even where resistance data is not yet available.
In-vivo mutation rates and fitness landscape of HIV-1
突变率和有害突变的适应性成本很难在体内测量,但对于定量理解进化至关重要。使用未经治疗的HIV-1感染期间纵向样本的全基因组深度测序数据,我们从遗传变异的时间动态中估计了HIV-1的突变率和适应性成本。在近似中性的位点,突变以每天每个位点1.2 x 10^-5的速率累积,这与细胞培养中测得的速率一致。从G到A的转化率最高,其次是C到T、T到C和A到G的转化,而颠换则更少见。在非中性位点,大多数突变减少病毒复制;使用突变选择平衡模型,我们估计了HIV-1基因组中每个位点突变的适应度成本。大约一半的非同义突变具有较大的适应性成本(大于10%),而大多数同义突变的成本低于1%。同义突变的成本在大多数gag和pol中特别低,而在重要的RNA结构和调控区中观察到高得多的成本。患者内健身成本估计在多个患者中是一致的,这表明适应度景观的有害部分是普遍的,并解释了全球HIV-1 M组多样性的很大一部分。
During chronic infection, HIV-1 engages in a rapid coevolutionary arms race with the host's adaptive immune system. While it is clear that HIV exerts strong selection on the adaptive immune system, the characteristics of the somatic evolution that shape the immune response are still unknown. Traditional population genetics methods fail to distinguish chronic immune response from healthy repertoire evolution. Here, we infer the evolutionary modes of B-cell repertoires and identify complex dynamics with a constant production of better B-cell receptor mutants that compete, maintaining large clona…
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are promising candidates for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infections. Such antibodies can temporarily suppress viral load in infected individuals; however, the virus often rebounds by escape mutants that have evolved resistance. In this paper, we map an in vivo fitness landscape of HIV-1 interacting with broadly neutralizing antibodies, using data from a recent clinical trial. We identify two fitness factors, antibody dosage and viral load, that determine viral reproduction rates reproducibly across different hosts. The model successfully predicts the escap…
Mathematical analysis and potential therapeutic implications of a novel HIV-1 model of basal and activated transcription in T-cells and macrophages
HIV-1影响着全世界数千万人。目前的治疗通常涉及抗逆转录病毒药物的鸡尾酒,这在减少病毒和延长寿命方面是有效的。然而,目前还没有FDA批准的HIV-1转录抑制剂。此外,只有少数尝试模拟HIV-1的转录过程。在这项工作中,我们扩展了DeMarino et al.(2020)中引入的一种新的HIV-1转录三态模型,该模型已根据实验数据开发和验证。在将该模型拟合到体外数据之后,已经观察到HIV-1在T细胞和巨噬细胞中的转录过程的显著差异。特别是,T细胞中HIV-1启动子的激活似乎随着Tat蛋白接近临界阈值而迅速发生。相比之下,同样的过程在巨噬细胞中发生得更顺利。在这项工作中,我们进行了系统的数学分析的模型,以补充实验数据拟合和敏感性分析较早进行。我们推导出该模型的显式解,得到原模型的精确转录过程衰减率,然后研究非线性对系统行为的影响,包括正平衡的存在性和局部及全局稳定性.我们能够显示的稳定性的积极的稳定状态在有限的情况下,在一般情况下的全球稳定性仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。通过对转录抑制药物治疗的效果进行建模,我们为它有效降低病毒载量提供了一个重要的条件。此外,我们的数值模拟和分析指出,转录抑制剂的效果可以通过与标准治疗同步来增强,例如联合抗逆转录病毒治疗,以减少总剂量和毒性。
Viral evolution under the pressure of an adaptive immune system - optimal mutation rates for viral escape
基于最近的进化病毒与适应性免疫系统竞争的模型[1],我们研究了病毒准种可以最大化其生长速率的条件。允许病毒茁壮成长的突变率范围从上到下由于基因组信息退化而受到限制,从下到上由于序列多样性不足而受到限制,这导致免疫系统快速消灭病毒。最佳地平衡这两个要求的突变率取决于病毒生长率的倒数与免疫系统需要对抗原产生特异性应答的时间的比率。我们发现,如果病毒在免疫系统适应新病毒表位所需的时间内恰好产生一个突变,则病毒是最有活力的。实验性病毒突变率,特别是HIV(人类免疫缺陷病毒),似乎表明许多病毒已经达到了最佳突变率。[1]C.Kamp和S. Bornholdt,Phys. Rev. Lett. 88,068104(2002)
The importance of understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution cannot be overemphasized. Recent studies confirm that natural selection is the dominating mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, which favors mutations that strengthen viral infectivity. We demonstrate that vaccine-breakthrough or antibody-resistant mutations provide a new mechanism of viral evolution. Specifically, vaccine-resistant mutation Y449S in the spike (S) protein receptor-bonding domain (RBD), which occurred in co-mutation [Y449S, N501Y], has reduced infectivity compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 but can disrupt existing antibodies th…
Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics by a multitude of mechanisms. A central, yet unsolved question is how resistance evolution affects cell growth at different drug levels. Here we develop a fitness model that predicts growth rates of common resistance mutants from their effects on cell metabolism. We map metabolic effects of resistance mutations in drug-free environments and under drug challenge; the resulting fitness trade-off defines a Pareto surface of resistance evolution. We predict evolutionary trajectories of dosage-dependent growth rates and resistance levels, as well as the pre…
Molecular testing is rapidly becoming integral to the global tuberculosis (TB) control effort. Uncommon mechanisms of resistance can escape detection by these platforms and lead to the development of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) strains. This article is a systematic review of published articles that reported isoniazid (INH) resistance-conferring mutations between September-2013 and December-2019. The aims were to catalogue mutations associated with INH resistance, estimate their global prevalence and co-occurrence, and their utility in molecular diagnostics. The genes commonly associated with IN…