物质波的带隙结构
Band gap structures for matter waves
摘要：
空间间隙对应于其包络在空间上变化的周期性结构的间隙在位置空间中的投影。它们可以在冷原子物理学中利用有限尺寸的光晶格容易地产生，并且提供了一种新型的隧道势垒，可以用作量子器件的通用工具。我们详细介绍了定量描述这些系统的不同理论方法，并展示了如何利用它们实现一维物质波法布里-珀罗腔。我们还提供了实验和数值计算结果，表明空间间隙结构相空间工程的兴趣。然后，我们概括了在两个维度的空间间隙的概念，并表明，这使得设计多个连接的腔产生的量子点结构的原子或允许构建弯曲的波导物质波。最后，我们表明，在时间上调制的周期性结构的振幅提供了各种各样的可能的原子操纵，包括入射波包的散射的控制，加载的腔界定的空间间隙，它们的耦合通过多声子过程或实现可调谐源的原子。光晶格的空间和时间工程提供的这种广泛的可能性展示了这种带隙结构对于物质波控制、量子模拟器和原子电子学的灵活性。
英文摘要：
Spatial gaps correspond to the projection in position space of the gaps of a periodic structure whose envelope varies spatially. They can be easily generated in cold atomic physics using finite-size optical lattice, and provide a new kind of tunnel barriers which can be used as a versatile tool for quantum devices. We present in detail different theoretical methods to quantitatively describe these systems, and show how they can be used to realize in one dimension matter wave Fabry-Perot cavities. We also provide experimental and numerical results that demonstrate the interest of spatial gaps structures for phase space engineering. We then generalize the concept of spatial gaps in two dimensions and show that this enables to design multiply connected cavities which generate a quantum dot structure for atoms or allow to construct curved wave guides for matter waves. At last, we demonstrate that modulating in time the amplitude of the periodic structure offers a wide variety of possible atom manipulations including the control of the scattering of an incoming wave packet, the loading of cavities delimited by spatial gaps, their coupling by multiphonon processes or the realization of a tunable source of atoms. This large range of possibilities offered by space and time engineering of optical lattices demonstrates the flexibility of such band gap structures for matter wave control, quantum simulators and atomtronics.
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